Rapid Communication: Use of pressure mat gait analysis in measuring pain following normal parturition in dairy cows.

Research investigating the pain of normal parturition is lacking as there are few objective methods for measuring pain. The objective of this research was to describe the gait of cows following eutocia using pressure mat gait analysis; and if meloxicam alters the gait of cows. Twenty Holstein cows within 26 h of unassisted calving were enrolled into the study.

Ca2+ solvation as a function of p, T, and pH from ab initio simulation.

First principles molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out at various temperatures and pressures starting with either Ca(2+) or CaO in a reactive volume of 63 H(2)O molecules. In the case of aqueous Ca(2+), the ion is surrounded by six H(2)O molecules in the first hydration shell at 300 K/0.3 GPa, with rare exchange between first and second hydrations shells.

Multipurpose high-pressure high-temperature diamond-anvil cell with a novel high-precision guiding system and a dual-mode pressurization device.

A novel diamond-anvil cell (DAC) design has been constructed and tested for in situ applications at high-pressure (HP) operations and has proved to be suitable even for HP sample environments at non-ambient temperature conditions. The innovative high-precision guiding mechanism, comparable to a dog clutch, consists of perpendicular planar sliding-plane elements and is integrated directly into the base body of the cylindrically shaped DAC. The combination of two force-generating devices, i.