Apocrine Breast Cancer With Psammoma Bodies in a Male Patient.

Introduction: While male breast carcinoma is a relatively uncommon occurrence, its incidence is on the rise, potentially attributed to sporadic pathophysiological mechanisms, primarily involving hormonal imbalances. Invasive apocrine carcinoma represents a small fraction of global breast malignancies, with limited instances reported among male patients in the literature. The clinical presentation of an apocrine breast carcinoma closely resembles that of other breast cancer subtypes, as it is most often described as a solitary ulcerative nodular lesion occupying a retro-areolar region of the breast.

Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of oxybenzone and ocean acidification: new insight into vulnerable cellular processes in non-calcifying anthozoans.

Cnidarians face significant threats from ocean acidification (OA) and anthropogenic pollutants such as oxybenzone (BP-3). The convergence of threats from multiple stressors is an important area to investigate because of potential significant synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to characterize the expression profiles of twenty-two genes of interest (GOI) in sea anemones ( exposed to one of four treatments: 1) 96 h of OA conditions followed by a 4 h exposure to 20 ppb BP-3; 2) Exposure to 4 h 20 ppb BP-3 without 96 h of OA; 3) Exposure to 96 h of OA alone; or 4) laboratory conditions with no exposure to BP-3 and/or OA.

Permanent Makeup Procedure Heralds the Development of Systemic Sarcoidosis.

Permanent cosmetic procedures including tattooing are determined as risk factors that prompt the development of cutaneous granulomatous conditions. Scar sarcoidosis is an uncommon manifestation of a systemic granulomatous disease with a few cases reported in the literature worldwide. Although the incidence rates of sarcoid lesions at sites of pigment deposition are low, granuloma formation can provoke a severe systemic inflammatory response.

Sea Anemones Responding to Sex Hormones, Oxybenzone, and Benzyl Butyl Phthalate: Transcriptional Profiling and Modelling Provide Clues to Decipher Endocrine Disruption in Cnidarians.

Endocrine disruption is suspected in cnidarians, but questions remain how occurs. Steroid sex hormones are detected in corals and sea anemones even though these animals do not have estrogen receptors and their repertoire of steroidogenic enzymes appears to be incomplete. Pathways associated with sex hormone biosynthesis and sterol signaling are an understudied area in cnidarian biology.

Pilomatrix carcinoma: 13 new cases and review of the literature with emphasis on predictors of metastasis.

Background: Pilomatrix carcinoma is a rare cutaneous tumor derived from follicular matrix cells with few cases documented in the literature.

Objective: We sought to better characterize this tumor by analyzing its epidemiologic, clinical, and histopathologic features in 13 new cases and by reviewing the literature.

Methods: All cases of pilomatrix carcinoma from a large regional dermatopathology practice were identified and analyzed by chart review for clinical and histopathologic characteristics.

Topical formulation engendered alteration in p53 and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer expression in chronic photodamaged patients.

While the clinical attributes of photoaging are well characterized in the literature, the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie these changes are incompletely elucidated. At the molecular level, p53 tumor-suppressor gene product mediated excision repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage is a critical effector in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and potentially in conventional photoaging. We examined p53 activity and measured UV-induced DNA damage via cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) quantitatively in 20 volunteers before and after an 8-week, open-label prospective topical application of a proprietary DNA recovery serum (Celfix).

Using Representational Difference Analysis to detect changes in transcript expression of Aiptasia genes after laboratory exposure to lindane.

Molecular stress responses to pesticide exposures represent an understudied area of cnidarian transcriptome investigations. The organochlorine pesticide lindane is known to disrupt normal neuron function. Cnidarians with simple nervous systems are recognized as sensitive indicators of water quality, yet nothing is known about cnidarian responses to lindane.

Intravascular schwannoma.

Schwannoma is defined as a benign nerve sheath neoplasm of Schwann cell origin. Cutaneous schwannoma typically manifests along the course of peripheral nerves as a solitary, well-defined, skin-colored nodule within the deep dermis or subcutis of the flexor aspects of the extremities. Schwannoma enlarges slowly and typically follows a benign course, with local recurrence and malignant transformation being exceedingly rare.

Neutrophilic dermatosis revisited: an initial presentation of lupus?

Background: We report 7 patients with a distinct and unusual eruption consisting of a neutrophilic dermatosis in conjunction with lupus erythematosus (LE). The significance of these findings and their relevance to LE are discussed.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the significance of eruptive neutrophilic dermatosis in conjunction with LE.

Perineural invasion progressing to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: is the absence of peripheral nerves an important sign?

Background: Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) is a rare, frequently fatal complication of cranial nerve invasion by a primary cutaneous carcinoma.

Objective: Complete absence of nerve tissue was observed in retrospect in a Mohs surgery case that had subsequently proceeded to LMC. We theorized that the cancer invaded the perineural space and spread contiguously until meeting a point of resistance, in this case the mental foramen.

Amyloid light chain deposition associated with dermatofibroma: serendipity or association?

Primary cutaneous amyloidosis, also known as nodular amyloidosis, is defined as deposition of amyloid light chain in the skin in the absence of a systemic cause of amyloidosis. Such amyloid is produced by a localized aggregate of clonal plasma cells. In contrast, secondary cutaneous amyloidosis is related to lesions such as squamous cell carcinoma, Bowen disease, basal cell carcinoma, and discoid lupus erythematosus, and has been shown in most cases to be derived from keratin epithelial elements.

Expression of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (P504S) in sebaceous neoplasms.

Background: Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), also known as P504S, is a protein that plays an important role in mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acid and bile acid intermediates. AMACR has been established as a valuable diagnostic marker for prostate cancer and has recently been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma. Despite the importance of lipid metabolism in sebum production by sebaceous glands of the skin, there are no studies evaluating the expression of AMACR in sebaceous neoplasms.

Utility of p63 in the differential diagnosis of atypical fibroxanthoma and spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma.

Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX), spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma (SCSCC) and spindle cell melanoma are the primary entities in the differential diagnosis of a cytologically atypical spindle cell tumor arising on sun-damaged skin. AFX is generally regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion in this context: in the absence of S100 or keratin reactivity, a diagnosis of AFX is favored. However, keratin reactivity may be focal or even absent in SCSCC, and although numerous positive markers of AFX have been proposed, none has shown sufficient sensitivity and specificity for routine diagnostic use.

Malignant histiocytosis of the skin: a case report and review of the literature.

Background: Malignant histiocytosis is a rare neoplasm composed of abnormal histiocytes typically affecting the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. This entity has been rarely documented involving the skin and has never been reported confined to the skin.

Main Observations: A 74-year-old white man presented to the dermatology clinic with complaints of a non-healing ulcerated lesion on his cheek of several months duration.

Perineural invasion: identification, significance, and a standardized definition.

Background: Mohs surgeons have expanded the range of cancers treated using the Mohs technique. Mohs surgeons today are expected to diagnose perineural invasion (PNI) when as little as one nerve is involved.

Objective: To address the issue of identification and significance of perineural invasion from the perspective of the Mohs surgeon.

Histologic mimics of perineural invasion.

Background: Perineural invasion (PNI) by primary cutaneous cancers is an important adverse risk factor. Certain benign conditions may mimic microscopic PNI. Mohs surgery is being performed more frequently on smaller primary cutaneous malignancies.

Bif-1 and Bax expression in cutaneous Merkel cell carcinoma.

Background: Bax-interacting factor-1 (Bif-1) binds to Bax, which in turn activates this proapoptotic protein. In the absence of Bif-1, the ability to induce apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway is greatly reduced. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) classically shows an aggressive behavior and lack of response to chemotherapy, which remains unexplained.

Immunohistochemical expression of survivin in cutaneous sebaceous lesions.

Background: Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins implicated in the inhibition of apoptosis and cell cycle control, both crucial in the progression to malignancy. Survivin overexpression has been demonstrated in numerous malignancies including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. To date, there are no studies evaluating the expression of survivin in sebaceous neoplasms.

Acetylcholine receptor expression in Merkel cell carcinoma.

Neurocrest-derived tissues express muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR and nAChR respectively). These receptors are critical for migration of neurocrest-derived cells to their corresponding tissues during development. Recent reports demonstrate neurocrest-derived melanoma and numerous non-Merkel cell neuroendocrine tumors express both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

Immunohistochemical distinction of cutaneous spindle cell carcinoma.

Cutaneous spindle cell squamous carcinoma is an uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma in which keratinocytes infiltrate the dermis as single cells with elongated nuclei rather than as cohesive nests or islands, and signs of keratinization of conventional squamous cell carcinoma are insubstantial or nonexistent. Spindle cell carcinoma must be distinguished from spindle cell/desmoplastic melanoma, cutaneous leiomyosarcoma, atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX), and scar. In instances when there is no definitive evidence of squamous differentiation, immunohistochemical studies may confer diagnostic discrimination.

Pedunculated hemangiopericytoma-like tumor: peculiar fibroepithelial polyp or fibrous histiocytoma variant.

Pathologists are continually challenged with the difficult task of discriminating between innocuous disease processes and potentially malignant entities. Apropos of this concern, we present a series of three cutaneous polypoid lesions that simulated fibroepithelial polyp, yet upon close scrutiny yielded histologic features of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) or hemangiopericytoma. These pedunculated lesions showed a storiform pattern of spindled cells with interspersed gaping vascular channels reminiscent of SFT or hemangiopericytoma.

Bcl-2, CD34 and CD10 expression in basaloid follicular hamartoma, vellus hair hamartoma and neurofollicular hamartoma demonstrate full follicular differentiation.

Generalized basaloid follicular hamartoma syndrome (GBFHS) is a rare, recently-described, autosomal-dominantly inherited disorder that presents with disseminated milia, palmoplantar pitting, hypotrichosis and basaloid follicular hamartomas (BFH). BFH is a benign adnexal tumor that resembles basal cell carcinoma (BCC). In this study, we report two cases of GBFHS and stain BFH, a vellus hair hamartoma (VHH) and a neurofollicular hamartoma (NH) with CD34, bcl-2 and CD10 to characterize and compare the staining patterns of these follicular tumors.

Human cord blood cells and myocardial infarction: effect of dose and route of administration on infarct size.

There is no consensus regarding the optimal dose of stem cells or the optimal route of administration for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Bone marrow cells, containing hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, in doses of 0.5 x 10(6) to >30 x 10(6) have been directly injected into the myocardium or into coronary arteries or infused intravenously in subjects with myocardial infarctions to reduce infarct size and improve heart function.