Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefazolin using total and unbound serum concentrations in patients with high body weight.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the steady state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefazolin in patients with a high body weight. Cefazolin was administered by 0.5-h infusions to 11 patients with total body weight (TBW) ≥120 kg receiving 3 g q8h, and 12 patients with TBW <120 kg receiving 2 g q8h.

Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Doripenem in Obese, Hospitalized Patients.

Background: Doripenem population pharmacokinetics and dosing recommendations are limited in obesity.

Objective: To evaluate the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doripenem in obese patients.

Methods: Hospitalized adults with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m or total body weight (TBW) ≥45.

Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Meropenem in Nonobese, Obese, and Morbidly Obese Patients.

The study objective was to evaluate meropenem population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in nonobese, obese, and morbidly obese patients. Forty adult patients-11 nonobese (body mass index [BMI] < 30 kg/m ), 9 obese (30 kg/m ≤ BMI < 40 kg/m ), and 20 morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m )-received meropenem 500 mg every 6 hours (q6h), q8h, or q12h or 1 g q6h or q8h, infused over 0.5 hour.

Use of Monte Carlo Simulations to Determine Optimal Carbapenem Dosing in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Prolonged Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapy.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses with Monte Carlo simulations (MCSs) can be used to integrate prior information on model parameters into a new renal replacement therapy (RRT) to develop optimal drug dosing when pharmacokinetic trials are not feasible. This study used MCSs to determine initial doripenem, imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem dosing regimens for critically ill patients receiving prolonged intermittent RRT (PIRRT). Published body weights and pharmacokinetic parameter estimates (nonrenal clearance, free fraction, volume of distribution, extraction coefficients) with variability were used to develop a pharmacokinetic model.

Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Extended-Infusion Piperacillin and Tazobactam in Critically Ill Children.

The study objective was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam in children hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Seventy-two serum samples were collected at steady state from 12 patients who received piperacillin-tazobactam at 100/12.5 mg/kg of body weight every 8 h infused over 4 h.

Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin and tazobactam administered by prolonged infusion in obese and nonobese patients.

The study objective was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin and tazobactam administered by prolonged infusion in obese and nonobese patients. Twenty-seven patients (total body weight [TBW], 60 to 211 kg; body mass index [BMI], 19.6 to 72.

Implementing extended-infusion cefepime as standard of care in a children's hospital: a prospective descriptive study.

Background: Extended-infusion cefepime (EIC) has been associated with decreased mortality in adults, but to our knowledge, there are no studies in children.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of implementing EIC as the standard dosing strategy in a pediatric population.

Methods: This was a descriptive study of children aged 1 month to 17 years, including patients in the intensive care unit, who received cefepime after admission to a freestanding, tertiary care children's hospital.

Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doripenem and meropenem in obese patients.

Background: Antimicrobial pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are limited in obesity.

Objective: To evaluate the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doripenem and meropenem in obese patients hospitalized on a general ward.

Methods: Patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m² or total body weight (TBW) ≥100 pounds over their ideal body weight randomly received doripenem 500 mg (1-hour infusion) or meropenem 1 g (0.

Steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem in morbidly obese patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit.

The study objective was to evaluate meropenem pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in morbid obesity. Nine patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit with a body mass index ≥40 kg/m(2) received meropenem 500 mg or 1 g q6h, infused over 0.5 hours.

Steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin and tazobactam administered by prolonged infusion in obese patients.

The study objective was to evaluate steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin and tazobactam administered by prolonged infusion in obese patients. Fourteen hospitalised patients weighing >120kg received piperacillin/tazobactam 4.5 g every 8 h (q8h) or 6.

System-wide implementation of the use of an extended-infusion piperacillin/tazobactam dosing strategy: feasibility of utilization from a children's hospital perspective.

Background: Use of extended infusions of piperacillin/tazobactam (PT) in adult patients has been described, but data in children are limited.

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of using an extended-infusion PT dosing strategy as the standard of care in a children's hospital.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study of patients aged >30 days who received PT after admission to a freestanding, tertiary care children's hospital.

Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous levetiracetam in neurocritical care patients.

Study Objectives: To characterize the steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous levetiracetam in neurocritical care patients requiring seizure prophylaxis after a neurologic injury and to determine which dosing regimens achieve serum concentrations within the recommended therapeutic range of 6-20 μg/ml. DESIGN. Prospective, open-label, steady-state pharmacokinetic study.

Steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefepime administered by prolonged infusion in hospitalised patients.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefepime administered by prolonged infusion in hospitalised patients requiring antimicrobial therapy. Nine patients received 1g every 8h (q8h), infused over 4h, and steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental and compartmental methods. Using these pharmacokinetic parameters, 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the pharmacokinetic profiles for six prolonged-infusion dosing regimens.

Vancomycin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during short daily hemodialysis.

Background And Objectives: Short daily hemodialysis (SDHD) is an alternative to thrice-weekly HD because of its putative physiologic benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of SDHD on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vancomycin.

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: Six noninfected adults who had anuria and were treated with SDHD were studied and received four dialysis sessions over 4 days.

Comparative pharmacodynamics of intermittent and prolonged infusions of piperacillin/tazobactam using Monte Carlo simulations and steady-state pharmacokinetic data from hospitalized patients.

Background: Prolonging the infusion of a beta-lactam antibiotic enhances the time in which unbound drug concentrations remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration (fT>MIC).

Objective: To compare the pharmacodynamics of several dosing regimens of piperacillin/tazobactam administered by intermittent and prolonged infusion using pharmacokinetic data from hospitalized patients.

Methods: Steady-state pharmacokinetic data were obtained from 13 patients who received piperacillin/tazobactam 4.

Steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin/tazobactam administered by prolonged infusion in hospitalised patients.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin/tazobactam, administered by prolonged infusion, in hospitalised patients requiring antimicrobial therapy. Thirteen patients received 4.5 g every 8 h (q8h), infused over 4 h, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods.

Steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem in hospitalized patients.

Study Objective: To evaluate the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem 500 mg every 6, 8, and 12 hours, based on renal function, in hospitalized patients.

Design: Prospective, open-label, steady-state pharmacokinetic study.

Setting: One tertiary care medical center and one community hospital.

Selection of a gyrA mutation and treatment failure with gatifloxacin in a patient with Streptococcus pneumoniae with a preexisting parC mutation.

An 81-year-old woman had pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (levofloxacin Etest minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] 1.5 microg/ml) and was treated with intravenous gatifloxacin 200 mg/day. After 3 days of therapy, repeat sputum cultures were positive for S.

Comparative in vitro and bactericidal activities of telithromycin against penicillin-nonsusceptible, levofloxacin-resistant, and macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae by time-kill methodology.

Broth microdilution MICs were determined for 14 antimicrobial agents against 296 clinical, non-duplicate isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected at Methodist Hospital (Indianapolis, Indiana, USA) from January 2001 to December 2003. Isolates were categorized as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints. Time-kill studies were performed to evaluate the bactericidal activity of telithromycin at 1, 2, 4, and 8x MIC against 10 penicillin-nonsusceptible, levofloxacin-resistant, and macrolide-resistant (7 M-phenotype, 3 MLS(B)-phenotype) strains.

Gatifloxacin pharmacokinetics in healthy men and women.

The sex-based pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin were investigated. Healthy subjects (6 men, 6 women) received a single oral dose of gatifloxacin 400 mg. Blood and urine samples were collected, and gatifloxacin concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Effect of ensure on the oral bioavailability of gatifloxacin in healthy volunteers.

Study Objective: To determine the effect of Ensure on the relative oral bioavailability of gatifloxacin in healthy volunteers.

Design: Single-dose, randomized, crossover study.

Setting: University-affiliated research center.

Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered levofloxacin in men and women.

Study Objective: To characterize and compare the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in men and women after systemic administration.

Design: Prospective, open-label, parallel group pharmacokinetic study.

Setting: University research center.

Sex-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin.

The oral pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin were studied in healthy volunteers to assess the influence of sex on its disposition. Subjects (8 males, 7 females) received a single oral dose of ciprofloxacin 750 mg, blood and urine samples were collected, and ciprofloxacin concentrations were determined. A two-compartment open-model with two or three absorption phases, each one having a fitted independent lag time, best fit the data using a weighted least squares estimator.

Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium acetate on the oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin.

Background: The oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin is significantly decreased when administered with calcium carbonate. Sevelamer hydrochloride is a phosphate-binding cationic polymer that is devoid of calcium. The authors conducted a 3-way, randomized, crossover study to determine the effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium acetate on the relative oral bioavailability of ciprofloxacin.

Determination of gatifloxacin in human serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

A simple and sensitive HPLC method for the determination of gatifloxacin concentrations in human serum and urine was developed and validated. Serum proteins were removed by ultrafiltration through a filtering device after adding a displacing agent. Urine samples were diluted with mobile phase prior to injection.