T1 Pelvic and Lumbar Pelvic Angles Normative Values: A Prospective Cohort Study of 472 Asymptomatic Volunteers.

Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis of a prospectively enrolled cohort.

Objective: Determine the normative values of the T1 Pelvic Angle (TPA) and Lumbar Pelvic Angle (LPA) in an asymptomatic cohort of volunteers.

Summary Of Background Data: The TPA and LPA have been introduced as sagittal spino-pelvic parameters to guide correction of adult spinal deformity.

BAL Fluid Cellular Analysis and Radiologic Patterns in Patients With Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease.

Background: BAL cellular analysis is often recommended during the initial diagnostic evaluation of fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD). Despite recommendation for its use, between-center heterogeneity exists and supportive data concerning the clinical utility and correlation of BAL findings with radiologic features or patterns remain sparse.

Research Question: In patients with fibrotic ILD, are BAL findings associated with radiologic features, patterns, and clinical diagnoses?

Study Design And Methods: Patients with fibrotic ILD who underwent BAL for diagnostic evaluation and who were enrolled in the prospective Canadian Registry for Pulmonary Fibrosis were re-reviewed in a standardized multidisciplinary discussion (MDD).

Counterweight mass influences single-leg cycling biomechanics.

Introduction: Single-leg cycling is a commonly used intervention in exercise physiology that has applications in exercise training and rehabilitation. The addition of a counterweight to the contralateral pedal helps single-leg cycling mimic cycling patterns of double-leg cycling. To date, no research has tested (a) the influence of a wide range of counterweight masses on a person's cycling biomechanics and (b) the optimal counterweight mass to emulate double-leg cycling.

Comparison of muscle activity of the lower limbs while running on different treadmill models.

Treadmill running is a common method of exercise and to study human locomotion. Research has examined the kinematics and kinetics of overground and treadmill running, but there has been less focus on the levels of muscle activity during treadmill running. We investigated if muscle activity is different while running overground compared to running on a variety of treadmills.

Validation of Polar Elixir™ Pulse Oximeter against Arterial Blood Gases during Stepwise Steady-State Inspired Hypoxia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) measurements from Polar Elixir™ pulse oximetry technology compared with arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ) measurements during acute stepwise steady-state inspired hypoxia at rest. A post hoc objective was to determine if SpO 2 measurements could be improved by recalibrating the Polar Elixir™ algorithm with SaO 2 values from a random subset of participants.

Methods: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) protocol (ISO 80601-2-61:2017) for evaluating the SpO 2 accuracy of pulse oximeter equipment was followed whereby five plateaus of SaO 2 between 70% and 100% were achieved using stepwise reductions in inspired O 2 during supine rest.

2021 ISB World Athletics Award for Biomechanics: The Subtalar Joint Maintains "Spring-Like" Function While Running in Footwear That Perturbs Foot Pronation.

Humans have the remarkable ability to run over variable terrains. During locomotion, however, humans are unstable in the mediolateral direction and this instability must be controlled actively-a goal that could be achieved in more ways than one. Walking research indicates that the subtalar joint absorbs energy in early stance and returns it in late stance, an attribute that is credited to the tibialis posterior muscle-tendon unit.

The Effects of Increased Midsole Bending Stiffness of Sport Shoes on Muscle-Tendon Unit Shortening and Shortening Velocity: a Randomised Crossover Trial in Recreational Male Runners.

Background: Individual compliances of the foot-shoe interface have been suggested to store and release elastic strain energy via ligamentous and tendinous structures or by increased midsole bending stiffness (MBS), compression stiffness, and resilience of running shoes. It is unknown, however, how these compliances interact with each other when the MBS of a running shoe is increased. The purpose of this study was to investigate how structures of the foot-shoe interface are influenced during running by changes to the MBS of sport shoes.

Cumulative Metrics of Tendon Load and Damage Vary Discordantly with Running Speed.

Purpose: Cumulative load has become a popular metric in running biomechanics research to account for potential spatiotemporal changes associated with different locomotion strategies. This study investigated how incorporating mechanical fatigue principles into Achilles tendon cumulative load measurements affected their relationship with running speed.

Methods: Achilles tendon forces and strains were estimated from a dynamometry/ultrasound session followed by a motion capture session, where participants ran at three speeds.

Reliability and validity of a novel device for quantifying ankle dorsiflexion force in persons with multiple sclerosis.

Background: With emerging treatment modalities and therapeutics for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), there is a critical need for improved measures of disability. Routine clinical practice and trials will benefit from devices that are capable of objectively quantifying muscle strength/weakness. We have developed a device for measuring Tibialis Anterior (TA) force that is both objective and easy to use - the Rapid Objective Quantification - TA (ROQ-TA).

Does increased midsole bending stiffness of sport shoes redistribute lower limb joint work during running?

Objectives: To investigate if lower limb joint work is redistributed when running in a shoe with increased midsole bending stiffness compared to a control shoe.

Design: Within-subject with two conditions: (1) commercially available running shoe and (2) the same shoe with carbon fibre inserts to increase midsole bending stiffness.

Methods: Thirteen male, recreational runners ran on an instrumented treadmill at 3.

The Submaximal Lateral Shuffle Test: A reliability and sensitivity analysis.

Lateral ankle stability and how it changes in different footwear has been investigated for years. Research, however, has shown a lack of reliability or sensitivity of available methodologies. This study aimed to evaluate the test-retest reliability and sensitivity of a novel lateral stability protocol, the Submaximal Lateral Shuffle Test (SLST).

Portable fixed dynamometry to quantify ankle dorsiflexion force.

Introduction: Quantifying muscle strength is critical in clinical and research settings. A rapid and objective method is ideal. The primary objective of this study was to examine the reliability of a novel device, the rapid objective quantification- tibialis anterior (ROQ-TA), which quantifies the dorsiflexion force of the tibialis anterior, and to assess its validity against isokinetic dynamometry (IKD).

The effect of torsional shoe sole stiffness on knee moment and gross efficiency in cycling.

Altering torsional stiffness of cycling shoe soles may be a novel approach to reducing knee joint moments and overuse injuries during cycling. We set out to determine if the magnitude of three-dimensional knee moments were different between cycling shoe soles with different torsional stiffnesses. Eight trained male cyclists cycled at 90% lactate threshold power output in one of two cycling shoe conditions in a randomized crossover design.

Force measurements during running on different instrumented treadmills.

One method to determine the forces produced during running is to conduct extensive kinematic and kinetic analysis. These analyses can be performed by having an individual perform repeated over-ground running trials or simply run continuously on an instrumented treadmill. The forces produced during over-ground running may not be the same as the forces during treadmill running and these differences could be attributed to a number of factors, including the design of the instrumented treadmill.

Motor Unit Action Potential Clustering-Theoretical Consideration for Muscle Activation during a Motor Task.

During dynamic or sustained isometric contractions, bursts of muscle activity appear in the electromyography (EMG) signal. Theoretically, these bursts of activity likely occur because motor units are constrained to fire temporally close to one another and thus the impulses are "clustered" with short delays to elicit bursts of muscle activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a sequence comprised of "clustered" motor unit action potentials (MUAP) can explain spectral and amplitude changes of the EMG during a simulated motor task.

Short-latency afferent inhibition determined by the sensory afferent volley.

Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) is characterized by the suppression of the transcranial magnetic stimulation motor evoked potential (MEP) by the cortical arrival of a somatosensory afferent volley. It remains unknown whether the magnitude of SAI reflects changes in the sensory afferent volley, similar to that observed for somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). The present study investigated stimulus-response relationships between sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs), SAI, and SEPs and their interrelatedness.

Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques allow for an in-depth investigation into the neural mechanisms that underpin human behavior. To date, the use of TMS to study human movement, has been limited by the challenges related to precisely timing the delivery of TMS to features of the unfolding movement and, also, by accurately characterizing kinematics and kinetics. To overcome these technical challenges, TMS delivery and acquisition systems should be integrated with an online motion tracking system.

Intralimb coordination in children with and without developmental coordination disorder in one-handed catching.

There is a gap in the literature in regard to analysis of intralimb coordination exhibited by children with (n = 10) and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD; n = 9) in 1-handed catching. The functional data showed that children without DCD (M age = 10.6 years, SD = 1.

Modulation of short-latency afferent inhibition depends on digit and task-relevance.

Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) occurs when a single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulse delivered over the primary motor cortex is preceded by peripheral electrical nerve stimulation at a short inter-stimulus interval (∼ 20-28 ms). SAI has been extensively examined at rest, but few studies have examined how this circuit functions in the context of performing a motor task and if this circuit may contribute to surround inhibition. The present study investigated SAI in a muscle involved versus uninvolved in a motor task and specifically during three pre-movement phases; two movement preparation phases between a "warning" and "go" cue and one movement initiation phase between a "go" cue and EMG onset.

Continuous theta-burst stimulation over primary somatosensory cortex modulates short-latency afferent inhibition.

Objective: The present study investigated the effects of continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) over primary somatosensory (SI) and motor (M1) cortices on motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI).

Methods: MEPs and SAI were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle of the right hand following 30Hz cTBS over left-hemisphere SI and M1 delivered to the same participants in separate sessions. Measurements were taken before and up to 60min following cTBS.

30 Hz theta-burst stimulation over primary somatosensory cortex modulates corticospinal output to the hand.

Background: The primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is important for hand function and has direct connectivity with the primary motor cortex (M1). Much of our present knowledge of this connectivity and its relevance to hand function is based on animal research. In humans, less is known about the neural mechanisms by which SI influences motor circuitry that outputs to the muscles controlling the hand.

Intersegmental dynamics shape joint coordination during catching in typically developing children but not in children with developmental coordination disorder.

Factors shaping joint coordination during multijoint movements were studied using a one-handed ball-catching task. Typically developing (TD) boys between 9 and 12 yr of age, at which catching becomes consistently successful, and boys with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) of the same age participated in the study. The arm was initially stretched down.