Infective endocarditis: trends, surgical outcomes, and controversies.

The number of hospitalizations and surgical cases of infective endocarditis (IE) are increasing. The aim of this study was to review these trends, surgical outcomes, and controversies related to IE. A search of MEDLINE of studies published between 1960 and 2018 was conducted.

Rapidly progressing congestive heart failure due to cardiac sarcoidosis involving papillary muscles: a case report and brief review of the literature.

This is the case of a patient who presented with congestive heart failure, which appeared to be on the basis of severe mitral regurgitation secondary to granulomatous infiltration of the papillary muscles. In addition, conduction system disease and generalized myocardial involvement were documented. The patient responded well to an aggressive course of corticosteroids.