Unilateral winged scapula: Clinical and electrodiagnostic experience with 128 cases, with special attention to long thoracic nerve palsy.

Introduction: In this study we report a large series of patients with unilateral winged scapula (WS), with special attention to long thoracic nerve (LTN) palsy.

Methods: Clinical and electrodiagnostic data were collected from 128 patients over a 25-year period.

Results: Causes of unilateral WS were LTN palsy (n = 70), spinal accessory nerve (SAN) palsy (n = 39), both LTN and SAN palsy (n = 5), facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSH) (n = 5), orthopedic causes (n = 11), voluntary WS (n = 6), and no definite cause (n = 2).

[Neuromuscular dynamic scapular winging: Clinical, electromyographic and magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis].

Dyskinesia of the scapula is a clinical diagnosis and includes all disorders affecting scapula positioning and movement whatever its etiology. Scapular winging is a subtype of scapular dyskinesia due to a dynamic prominence of the medial border of the scapula (DSW) secondary to neuromuscular imbalance in the scapulothoracic stabilizer muscles. The two most common causes of DSW are microtraumatic or idiopathic lesions of the long thoracic nerve (that innerves the serratus anterior) or the accessory nerve (that innerves the trapezius).

Arthroscopic transfer of the pectoralis major for irreparable tear of the subscapularis: a preliminary report.

An irreparable tear of the subscapularis is a surgical challenge. Open approaches have been widely described to restore the anatomy and the function of the shoulder. Pectoralis major transfer is the most common technique used in this difficult clinical situation.