Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava (PLSVC) with a Connection to the Azygos System: Case Report and Clinical Implications.

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a rare anatomic variant that has a significant effect on the structure of the heart and venous system with clinical implications that are far-reaching. The presence of this variant is relevant to central venous catheter insertion, cardioverter-defibrillator placement, coronary artery bypass grafting, and numerous other medical procedures. In this report, we describe a rare case of PLSVC with a connection to the azygos system; notably, the vast majority of PLSVCs connect to the coronary sinus.

Five-year outcomes of intravitreal drug therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in eyes with baseline vision 20/60 or better.

Objective: To assess outcomes in treatment-naive eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and good baseline visual acuity (VA) treated using a treat-and-extend (T&E) regimen with intravitreal aflibercept, ranibizumab, or bevacizumab.

Design: Single center, retrospective, observational case series.

Participants: Ninety-one patients (93 eyes) with nAMD and baseline VA ≥20/60 followed for ≥1 year after the first intravitreal injection.