CS-specific modifications of auditory evoked potentials in the behaviorally conditioned rat.

The current report provides a detailed analysis of the changes in the first two components of the auditory evoked potential (AEP) that accompany associative learning. AEPs were recorded from the primary auditory cortex before and after training sessions. Experimental subjects underwent one (n=5) or two (n=7) days of conditioning in which a tone, serving as a conditioned stimulus (CS), was paired with mild foot shock.

Activity of somatosensory-responsive neurons in high subdivisions of SI cortex during locomotion.

Responses of neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex during movements are poorly understood, even during such simple tasks as walking on a flat surface. In this study, we analyzed spike discharges of neurons in the rostral bank of the ansate sulcus (areas 1-2) in 2 cats while the cats walked on a flat surface or on a horizontal ladder, a complex task requiring accurate stepping. All neurons (n = 82) that had receptive fields (RFs) on the contralateral forelimb exhibited frequency modulation of their activity that was phase locked to the stride cycle during simple locomotion.

[Intravascular decompressive aerogenesis ultrasonography in a practice of diving medical physician].

The aim of research was substantiation of necessity and accessibility of acoustic indication of intravascular decompressive aerogenesis in a practice of diving medical. Authors define possibilities of portable ultrasound blood flow indicator for location of decompressive gas bubbles. It was found that acoustic indication of intravascular decompressive gas bubbles made by simple portable ultrasonic blood flow meter allows to reveal moving gas bubble in blood flow.

[Determination of divers' resistance to decompression gas formation].

The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between the state of the individual functions of the organism and the intensity of decompression venous gas embolism after high air pressure exposure. The analysis of the guidelines defining the procedure of divers' medical examination was made and 320 divers were surveyed. Indices of the divers' central nervous and cardiovascular systems were measured before and after their immersion into a hyperbaric chamber.

Gamma band plasticity in sensory cortex is a signature of the strongest memory rather than memory of the training stimulus.

Gamma oscillations (∼30-120Hz) are considered to be a reflection of coordinated neuronal activity, linked to processes underlying synaptic integration and plasticity. Increases in gamma power within the cerebral cortex have been found during many cognitive processes such as attention, learning, memory and problem solving in both humans and animals. However, the specificity of gamma to the detailed contents of memory remains largely unknown.

Remodeling sensory cortical maps implants specific behavioral memory.

Neural mechanisms underlying the capacity of memory to be rich in sensory detail are largely unknown. A candidate mechanism is learning-induced plasticity that remodels the adult sensory cortex. Here, expansion in the primary auditory cortical (A1) tonotopic map of rats was induced by pairing a 3.

[About the fitness to work of sailors during the campaign of surface vessel in conditions of Polar Region].

The authors analyzed functional condition of organism and peculiarities of fitness to work of sailors with the help of physical load during the campaign of surface vessel of special assignment in conditions of Polar region with complicated complex of unfavourable factors of environment. Index of physical efficiency and regulation of heart rhythm of the personnel in dynamic of 2-month campaign are analyzed. Connection between this data and regular sanitary exercises is explored.

Detection of an inhibitory cortical gradient underlying peak shift in learning: a neural basis for a false memory.

Experience often does not produce veridical memory. Understanding false attribution of events constitutes an important problem in memory research. "Peak shift" is a well-characterized, controllable phenomenon in which human and animal subjects that receive reinforcement associated with one sensory stimulus later respond maximally to another stimulus in post-training stimulus generalization tests.

Consolidation and long-term retention of an implanted behavioral memory.

Hypothesized circuitry enabling information storage can be tested by attempting to implant memory directly in the brain in the absence of normal experience. Previously, we found that tone paired with activation of the cholinergic nucleus basalis (NB) does induce behavioral memory that shares cardinal features with natural memory; it is associative, highly specific, rapidly formed, consolidates and shows intermediate retention. Here we determine if implanted memory also exhibits long-term consolidation and retention.

[Using metabolic cytoprotector Remaxol for urgently increased stability towards acute decompression syndrome].

The article deals with evaluation of efficiency of metabolic cytoprotector Remaxol as a medication for urgently increased stability towards acute decompression syndrome at severe degree, studied in experiments on 45 outbred male rabbits. Single intravenous injection of Remaxol relieves oxidant effects of inadequate decompression, lowers number of lethal outcomes due to acute decompression syndrome, increases survival time in the animals.

Association learning-dependent increases in acetylcholine release in the rat auditory cortex during auditory classical conditioning.

The cholinergic system has been implicated in sensory cortical plasticity, learning and memory. This experiment determined the relationship between the acquisition of a Pavlovian conditioned approach response (CR) to an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in the primary auditory cortex in rats. Samples of ACh were collected via microdialysis during behavioral training in either an auditory classical conditioning task or in a non-associative control task.

Behavioral memory induced by stimulation of the nucleus basalis: effects of contingency reversal.

Specific behavioral associative memory induced by stimulation of the cortically-projecting cholinergic nucleus basalis (NB) is dependent on intrinsic acetylcholine and shares with natural memory such features as associativity, specificity, rapid formation, consolidation and long-term retention. Herein, we examined extinction and the effects of stimulus pre-exposure. Two groups of adult male rats (n=4 each) were first tested for behavioral responses (disruption of ongoing respiration) to tones (1-15 kHz), constituting a pre-training behavioral frequency generalization gradient (BFGG).

[The efficiency of antiadhesive means with "mezogel" having a barrier effect after dissection of the adhesions in patients with acute adhesive intestinal obstruction].

An antiadhesive absorbable means "Mezogel" produced by the firm "Lintex" (St. Petersburg) after intraperitoneal administration to animals in experiments was shown to reliably effectively reduce the degree of a recurrent adhesion process, and in 40% of the cases to completely prevent repeated formation of adhesions in the abdominal cavity. The use of "Mezogel" for intraperitoneal administration after dissection of adhesions in patients with acute adhesive intestinal obstruction results in relieving the course of the nearest and long term postoperative periods and reducing the number of recurrences, thus improving quality of life of the patients.

Sensory memory consolidation observed: increased specificity of detail over days.

Memories are usually multidimensional, including contents such as sensory details, motivational state and emotional overtones. Memory contents generally change over time, most often reported as a loss in the specificity of detail. To study the temporal changes in the sensory contents of associative memory without motivational and emotional contents, we induced memory for acoustic frequency by pairing a tone with stimulation of the cholinergic nucleus basalis.

Specific auditory memory induced by nucleus basalis stimulation depends on intrinsic acetylcholine.

Although the cholinergic system has long been implicated in the formation of memory, there had been no direct demonstration that activation of this system can actually induce specific behavioral memory. We have evaluated the "cholinergic-memory" hypothesis by pairing a tone with stimulation of the nucleus basalis (NB), which provides acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex. We found that such pairing induces behaviorally-validated auditory memory.

Motivationally neutral stimulation of the nucleus basalis induces specific behavioral memory.

The cholinergic system has been implicated in learning and memory. The nucleus basalis (NB) provides acetylcholine (ACh) to the cerebral cortex. Pairing a tone with NB stimulation (NBstm) to alter cortical state induces both associative specific tuning plasticity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) and associative specific auditory behavioral memory.

Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for conversion of D-glucose to xylitol and other five-carbon sugars and sugar alcohols.

Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that produce the sugar alcohols xylitol and ribitol and the pentose sugar D-ribose from D-glucose in a single fermentation step are described. A transketolase-deficient S. cerevisiae strain accumulated D-xylulose 5-phosphate intracellularly and released ribitol and pentose sugars (D-ribose, D-ribulose, and D-xylulose) into the growth medium.

Production of xylitol by metabolically engineered strains of Bacillus subtilis.

Xylitol-phosphate dehydrogenase (XPDH) genes from several Gram-positive bacteria were isolated and expressed in Bacillus subtilis. The substrate specificities of the recombinant XPDH enzymes were compared and it was found that the XPDH enzymes of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Clostridium difficile had the highest selectivity towards D-xylulose 5-phosphate. Expression of these two XPDH enzymes in D-ribulose and D-xylulose producing B.

Production of D-arabitol by a metabolic engineered strain of Bacillus subtilis.

A novel method for D-arabitol production with a metabolically engineered Bacillus subtilis strain is described. A known transketolase-deficient and D-ribose-producing mutant of B. subtilis (ATCC 31094) was further modified by disruption of its rpi (D-ribose phosphate isomerase) gene to create a D-ribulose- and D-xylulose-producing B.

The level of cholinergic nucleus basalis activation controls the specificity of auditory associative memory.

Learning involves not only the establishment of memory per se, but also the specific details of its contents. In classical conditioning, the former concerns whether an association was learned while the latter discloses what was learned. The neural bases of associativity have been studied extensively while neural mechanisms of memory specificity have been neglected.

Rapid induction of specific associative behavioral memory by stimulation of the nucleus basalis in the rat.

Hypothesized circuitry enabling behavioral memory formation can be tested by its direct activation in the absence of normal experience. Neuromodulation via the cortical release of acetylcholine by the nucleus basalis (NB) is hypothesized to be sufficient to induce specific, associative behavioral memory. Previously, we found that tone paired with stimulation of the nucleus basalis (NBs) for 3000 trials over 15 days induced such memory, supporting the hypothesis.

Synthesis of arabinitol 1-phosphate and its use for characterization of arabinitol-phosphate dehydrogenase.

D-arabinitol 1-phosphate (Ara-ol1-P), a substrate for D-arabinitol-phosphate dehydrogenase (APDH), was chemically synthesized from D-arabinonic acid in five steps (O-acetylation, chlorination, reduction, phosphorylation, and de-O-acetylation). Ara-ol1-P was used as a substrate for the characterization of APDH from Bacillus halodurans. APDH converts Ara-ol1-P to xylulose 5-phosphate in the oxidative reaction; both NAD(+) and NADP(+) were accepted as co-factors.

Characterisation of a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from Xanthomonas campestris DSM 3586.

The chromosomal locus NP_636946 of Xanthomonas campestris DSM 3586 (ATCC 33913) which was earlier presumed to encode a quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase has been cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant enzyme has been characterised. It was found to have no glucose dehydrogenase activity but to be active on many different polyols and diols, aliphatic alcohols, certain aldonic acids and amino-sugars. The product of D: -gluconic acid oxidation was 5-keto-D: -gluconic acid.

Cloning and characterization of gluconolactone oxidase of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum ATCC 10431 and evaluation of its use for production of D-erythorbic acid in recombinant Pichia pastoris.

A D-erythorbic acid-forming soluble flavoprotein, gluconolactone oxidase (GLO), was purified from Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum strain ATCC 10431 and partially sequenced. Peptide sequences were used to isolate a cDNA clone encoding the enzyme. The cloned gene exhibits high levels of similarity with the genes encoding other known eukaryotic lactone oxidases and also with the genes encoding some putative prokaryotic lactone oxidases.