Multicenter screening for ADHD among school-age pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes - study protocol.

Purpose: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects approximately 5% of the pediatric population, with increased prevalence among those with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Reports suggest that unrecognized and untreated ADHD impairs T1D control and that ADHD may be underdiagnosed in the Polish population. The International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes recommends neurodevelopmental assessments in children with T1D, but specific guidelines on procedures and implementation are lacking.

Guidelines of the Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Pediatric Section of Diabetes Poland on insulin therapy using hybrid closed-loop systems in children and adolescents with diabetes in Poland.

Currently, hybrid closed loop (HCL) systems represent the most advantageous therapeutic option for people with diabetes requiring intensive insulin therapy. They make it possible to achieve optimal metabolic control of the disease in any age group while improving the quality of life of children and adolescents with diabetes and their families. Therefore, we present recommendations for the use of HCL systems in children and adolescents focusing on systems currently available in Poland.

Obesity-Related Complications Including Dysglycemia Based on 1-h Post-Load Plasma Glucose in Children and Adolescents Screened before and after COVID-19 Pandemic.

Childhood obesity, with its metabolic complications, is a problem of public health. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has recommended glucose levels 1 h post oral glucose load (1h-PG) > 155-209 mg/dL as diagnostic for intermediate hyperglycemia (IH), while >209 mg/dL for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of prediabetes, IH, and T2D in children and adolescents with simple obesity according to the criteria of American Diabetes Association (ADA) and of IDF, and the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on these disorders.

Assessment of Skin Autofluorescence and Its Association with Glycated Hemoglobin, Cardiovascular Risk Markers, and Concomitant Chronic Diseases in Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

Unlabelled: Skin autofluorescence (sAF) measurement is a non-invasive method used to assess tissue advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation. This study aims to characterize sAF's association with (1) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values, (2) cardiovascular risk markers, and (3) common comorbidities (autoimmune thyroiditis, celiac disease) in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Materials And Methods: A total of 348 children with T1D aged 3-18 years and 85 age- and gender-matched control subjects were enrolled.

Lisdexamphetamine versus methylphenidate for paediatric patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and type 1 diabetes (LAMAinDiab): protocol for a multicentre, randomised cross-over clinical trial in an outpatient telemedicine-supported setting.

Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 5%-10% of paediatric population and is reportedly more common in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), exacerbating its clinical course. Proper treatment of ADHD in such patients may thus provide neurological and metabolic benefits. To test this, we designed a non-commercial second phase clinical trial comparing the impact of different pharmacological interventions for ADHD in children with T1D.

Incidence of hyperglycaemic disorders in children and adolescents with obesity.

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity in the paediatric population has increased significantly in recent decades. To date, the rarest metabolic disturbance associated with obesity has been the hyperglycaemia, including diabetes. The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of hyperglycaemic disorders diagnosed on the basis of (1) the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and (2) the HbA1c value, and to estimate the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) records in adolescents with obesity.

Paediatric diabetes care 100 years after insulin discovery - closer to closing the loop but still yearning for the cure.

When more than 25 years ago I started to work with children with type 1 diabetes I hoped (or at some moments even believed!) that at the 100th anniversary of insulin discovery there would be a cure for them and insulin will not be necessary any more. One of the reasons for that I thought so was that during several months of my internship in Paris in 1995, I had the opportunity to see children with type 1 diabetes participating in a promising study in which cyclosporine was tested (we hoped it would stop autoimmune destruction of pancreatic b cells), and later me myself (not having diabetes), together with several other young colleagues from Professor Jerzy Bodalski's team from Lodz, we received subcutaneous insulin in an initial part of a French study testing the usefulness of insulin in pre-diabetes (the idea behind was to initiate immune tolerance). Years passed, and despite the fact that also in the next decades therapies designed to protect insulin secretion (sophisticated, like anti-CD-3 antibodies or T-regulatory cells and more simple, including the very early use of oral insulin), poly-therapies combining drugs with different mechanisms of action, as well as stem cell-derived beta cells have been extensively studied and some of them seemed to be promising, still today in a hospital room, when talking to a parent of a child with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes I am forced to say that for their small one we do not have any other effective medicine apart from insulin administered by pen or pump [1-3].

Diabetes Related Distress in Children with Type 1 Diabetes before and during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spring 2020.

Our aim was to compere diabetes-related distress (DD) in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and in their parents before and during the national COVID-19-related lockdown when schools operated on-line. Problems Areas in Diabetes-Child (PAID-Ch), Teen (PAID-T) and Parent (P-PAID-Ch, P-PAID-T) questionnaires in paper version were used to evaluate DD before COVID-19 pandemic (November 2019-February 2020) and during the lockdown (April 2020) the same surveys were performed by phone. We enrolled 76 patients (median age (Q1-Q3): 13.

Improved Estimation of Glycated Hemoglobin from Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Past Glycated Hemoglobin Data.

Accurate estimation of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) remains challenging in clinic. We propose two statistical models and validate them in real-life conditions against the current standard, glucose management indicator (GMI). Modeling utilized routinely collected data from patients with type 1 diabetes from central Poland (eligibility criteria: age >1 year, diabetes duration >3 months, and CGM use between 01/01/2015 and 12/31/2019).

Evaluation of Three Lancing Devices: What Do Blood Volume and Lancing Pain Depend On?

Background: Globally millions of people with diabetes still prick their fingers to measure blood glucose. The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate and to compare three lancing devices set at the minimum ("1") and at the maximum ("5") lancing depth with respect to blood volume (BV) and pain related to lancing.

Methods: Lancing devices tested were A-, B- (both: HTL-Strefa S.

Evaluation of skin autofluorescence as a surrogate of advanced glycation end products accumulation in children and adolescents with normal haemoglobin A1c values.

Introduction: Skin autofluorescence (sAF) represents tissue accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and correlates with cardiovas-cular morbidity and diabetes risk.

The Aim: To assess sAF in Polish children without diabetes and to investigate whether sAF values in children with chronic diseases (but without glucose metabolism disorders) differ from sAF in healthy children.

Material And Methods: Children without diseases known to influence sAF results (diabetes, renal failure) and with HbA1c < 5.

Hypoglycaemia unawareness in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Hypoglycaemia unawareness, defined at the onset of neuroglycopenia before the appearance of autonomic warning symptoms, is an serious problem in type 1 diabetes mellitus. It is often caused by recurrent or severe hypoglycaemia, which leads to the failure of the autonomic nervous system (hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure - HAAF). The hypoglycaemia awareness can be restored by avoiding episodes of hypoglycaemia.

Assessment of Exercise Capacity in Children with Type 1 Diabetes in the Cooper Running Test.

Regular physical activity increases lifespan for those with type 1 diabetes. However, disease-related barriers may deter children from exercise and affect their fitness. This study examined the safety of the Cooper test concerning diabetes-related acute complications in children with type 1 diabetes and their fitness.

Achieving target levels for vascular risk parameters in Polish school-age children with type 1 diabetes - a single center study.

Background Therapeutic goals have been established to decrease the risk of long-term complications of type 1 diabetes (T1DM). The effects of these guidelines should be constantly evaluated. Hence, the present study examines the frequency at which children with T1DM treated by one of the Polish reference centers complied with the therapeutic targets issued in 2014 by the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) and by the Diabetes Poland (PTD).

UVR protection influences fructosamine level after sun exposure of healthy adults.

Background: Seasonal variation in glycated hemoglobin levels has been observed, and sun exposure has been considered as one of the factors associated with this relationship. Fructosamine is a short-time marker of blood protein glycation.

Aim: We investigated the effect of seven days of sunbathing on blood fructosamine concentration in healthy volunteers using different ultraviolet radiation (UVR) protections.

Arterial Stiffness, BMI, Dipping Status and ACE D/I Polymorphism in Type 1 Diabetic Children.

The Aim: of the study was to investigate clinical and genetic determinants of arterial stiffness in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Material And Methods: 122 patients (mean age: 16.0±2.

Fetal hemoglobin and hemoglobin A1c level among pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes.

Introduction: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used as a cumulative estimate of mean blood glucose levels from the preceding 5-12 weeks. This is the gold standard in assessing glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The ADA criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes, including HbA1c level, contribute to the importance of recognizing any variation pertaining to the HbA1c measurement.

The impact of having siblings - analysis of "hygiene theory" of chronic diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes in population of the Łódz region Hygiene theory and type 1 diabetes.

Introduction: In the recent years there has been a significant increase in the incidence of the type 1 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, numerous studies are underway to evaluate the possible factors underlying this trend. Some studies suggest that better sanitary conditions and lack of contact with microorganisms might be important, thus increasing the risk of disease in firstborns.

The Pro12Ala PPARg2 gene polymorphism involves residual C-peptide secretionand BMI in type 1 diabetes.

Introduction And Aim: Since insulin resistance is genetically determined and observed in type 1 diabetes, the study was designed to elucidate an involvement of Ala 12 Pro PPARg2 gene polymorphism in residual C-peptide secretion and BMI variation in children with type 1 diabetes.

Material And Methods: In 103 patients with type 1 diabetes genetic analysis of PPARg2 polymorphism, C-peptide measurements and evaluation of BMI and clinical parameters were performed. Control group consisted of 109 healthy subjects.

Effect of Insulin Dilution on Lowering Glycemic Variability in Pump-Treated Young Children with Inadequately Controlled Type 1 Diabetes.

Background: We investigated whether in young children with inadequately controlled type 1 diabetes and technical problems with continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin at 100 units/mL the switch to insulin diluted to 10 units/mL (U10) can limit technical problems and improve glycemic control.

Subjects And Methods: Diluted U10 insulin was started in three children 3.8, 3.

Glycemic variability in patients with Wolfram syndrome is lower than in type 1 diabetes.

Aims: Wolfram syndrome (WFS) is diagnosed as coexistence of diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy, where pancreatic beta cell destruction is associated with neurodegeneration. Typically, WFS necessitates insulin treatment similar to type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the mechanism of beta cell mass reduction leading to hyperglycemia is different.

Methods: The aim of the study was to assess glycemic variability using the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system in seven pediatric patients with genetically confirmed WFS and compare the results with data obtained from 21 propensity score-matched patients with T1D.