Population dynamics of Bordetella pertussis in Finland and Sweden, neighbouring countries with different vaccination histories.

Pertussis is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract in humans caused by Bordetella pertussis. Despite extensive vaccinations, pertussis has remained endemic and re-emerged. In Finland, a whole-cell pertussis vaccine has been used since 1952 with high coverage.

Bordetella holmesii DNA is not detected in nasopharyngeal swabs from Finnish and Dutch patients with suspected pertussis.

Bordetella holmesii is a Gram-negative bacterium first identified in 1995. It can cause pertussis-like symptoms in humans. B.

Strain variation among Bordetella pertussis isolates in finland, where the whole-cell pertussis vaccine has been used for 50 years.

Pertussis is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Bordetella pertussis. Despite the introduction of mass vaccination against pertussis in Finland in 1952, pertussis has remained an endemic disease with regular epidemics. To monitor changes in the Finnish B.

Release of canine parvovirus from endocytic vesicles.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a small nonenveloped virus with a single-stranded DNA genome. CPV enters cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and requires an acidic endosomal step for productive infection. Virion contains a potential nuclear localization signal as well as a phospholipase A(2) like domain in N-terminus of VP1.