Erratum: Lee et al. Ginseng Extracts, GS-KG9 and GS-E3D, Prevent Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Thereby Inhibit Apoptotic Cell Death of Hippocampal Neurons in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. 2020, , 2383.

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Pectin-Lyase-Modified Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rd Inhibits High Glucose-Induced ROS Production in Mesangial Cells and Prevents Renal Dysfunction in db/db Mice.

Diabetes increases the incidence rate of chronic renal disease. Pectin-lyase-modified ginseng (GS-E3D), with enhanced ginsenoside Rd content, has been newly developed. In this study, renal protective roles of GS-E3D in type-2 diabetic db/db mice were investigated.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the effects of protopanaxadiol saponin-enriched ginseng extract and pectinase-processed ginseng extract on the prevention of acute respiratory illness in healthy people.

Background: GS-3K8 and GINST, both of which are modified ginseng extracts, have never been examined in terms of their effectiveness for the prevention of acute respiratory illness (ARI) in humans. We conducted a pilot study to assess the feasibility of performing a large-scale, randomized, controlled trial.

Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study at a single center from October 2014 to March 2015.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Korean ginseng extract GS-KG9 in a D-galactosamine-induced liver damage animal model.

Background/objectives: This study was designed to investigate the improvement effect of white ginseng extract (GS-KG9) on D-galactosamine (Ga1N)-induced oxidative stress and liver injury.

Subjects/methods: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups. Rats were orally administrated with GS-KG9 (300, 500, or 700 mg/kg) or silymarin (25 mg/kg) for 2 weeks.

Effectiveness and Safety of Extract on Hepatic Dysfunction: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of extract (GS-KG9) in the treatment of hepatic dysfunction.

Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted from December 2017 to January 2019. The trial included 60 subjects between the ages of 19 and 70 who had higher alanine transaminase (ALT) levels than the normal upper limit.

Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract improves glucose homeostasis in high fat diet-fed mice.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Red ginseng has long been used as a traditional folk medicine for various diseases including diabetes. Recently, a preparation of red ginseng extract by pectin lyase modification has been developed and named as GS-E3D.

Aim Of The Study: The aim of this study is to evaluate the preventive effect of GS-E3D on hyperglycemia induced by feeding a high fat diet (HFD) in mice.

Acute and genetic toxicity of GS-E3D, a new pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract.

Korean red ginseng and its extract have been used as traditional medicines and functional foods in countries worldwide. Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) was newly developed as a dietary supplement for obesity, diabetes-related renal dysfunction, etc. In this study, the safety of GS-E3D on acute toxicity and genotoxicity was evaluated.

Ginseng Extract Modified by Pectin Lyase Inhibits Retinal Vascular Injury and Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakage in a Rat Model of Diabetes.

GS-E3D is an enzymatically modified ginseng extract by pectin lyase. In this study, we evaluated the preventive effects of GS-E3D on blood-retinal barrier (BRB) leakage in a rat model of diabetes. To produce diabetes, rats were injected with streptozotocin.

GS-KG9 ameliorates diabetic neuropathic pain induced by streptozotocin in rats.

Background: Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most devastating ailments of the peripheral nervous system. Neuropathic pain develops in ∼30% of diabetics. Here, we examined the suppressive effect of GS-KG9 on neuropathic pain induced by streptozotocin (STZ).

GS-E3D, a new pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract, inhibited diabetes-related renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Background: GS-E3D is a newly developed pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract. The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of GS-E3D on diabetes-related renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Method: GS-E3D (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight per day) was administered for 6 weeks.

Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract exhibits potent anti-glycation effects in vitro and in vivo.

Purpose: GS-E3D is a newly developed pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of GS-E3D against advanced glycation end products.

Methods: In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of GS-E3D on the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their cross-linking with collagen in vitro and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

White Ginseng Protects Mouse Hippocampal Cells Against Amyloid-Beta Oligomer Toxicity.

Amyloid-beta oligomer (AβO) is a soluble oligomer form of the Aβ peptide and the most potent amyloid-beta form that induces neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease. We investigated the effect of dried white ginseng extract (WGE) on neuronal cell damage and memory impairment in intrahippocampal AβO (10 μM)-injected mice. Mice were treated with WGE (100 and 500 mg/kg/day, p.

Differential Effects of Quercetin and Quercetin Glycosides on Human α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Mediated Ion Currents.

Quercetin is a flavonoid usually found in fruits and vegetables. Aside from its antioxidative effects, quercetin, like other flavonoids, has a various neuropharmacological actions. Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (Rham1), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (Rutin), and quercetin- 3-(2(G)-rhamnosylrutinoside (Rham2) are mono-, di-, and tri-glycosylated forms of quercetin, respectively.

Chloroform fraction of Euphorbia maculata has antiplatelet activity via suppressing thromboxane B2 formation.

Euphorbia maculata (EM) is a traditionally used antidiarrheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant agent. However, the effects of EM on platelet activity remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated the antiplatelet effect of various EM extract fractions on platelet aggregation in rats.

Differential effects of quercetin glycosides on GABAC receptor channel activity.

Quercetin, a representative flavonoid, is a compound of low molecular weight found in various colored plants and vegetables. Quercetin shows a wide range of neuropharmacological activities. In fact, quercetin naturally exists as monomer-(quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside) (Rham1), dimer-(Rutin), or trimer-glycosides [quercetin-3-(2(G)-rhamnosylrutinoside)] (Rham2) at carbon-3 in fruits and vegetables.

Gintonin, newly identified compounds from ginseng, is novel lysophosphatidic acids-protein complexes and activates G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors with high affinity.

Recently, we isolated a subset of glycolipoproteins from Panax ginseng, that we designated gintonin, and demonstrated that it induced [Ca2+]i transients in cells via G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway(s). However, active components responsible for Ca2+ mobilization and the corresponding receptor(s) were unknown. Active component(s) for [Ca2+]i transients of gintonin were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and ion-mobility mass spectrometry, respectively.

A simple method for the preparation of crude gintonin from ginseng root, stem, and leaf.

Ginseng has been used as a general tonic agent to invigorate the human body as an adaptogenic agent. In a previous report, we have shown that ginseng contains a novel glycolipoprotein called gintonin. The main function of gintonin is to transiently enhance intracellular free Ca(2+) [Ca(2+)]i levels in animal cells.

Effects of quercetin on α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated ion currents.

Quercetin, one of the flavonoids, is a low molecular weight substance found in fruits and vegetables. Quercetin, like other flavonoids, has a wide range of neuropharmacological actions and antioxidant effects. The α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is one of the numerous nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that exist as a heteropentameric form between efferent olivocochlear fibers and hair cells of the cochlea.

Effects of quercetin on human α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor-mediated ion currents.

Quercetin is a low molecular weight flavonoid found in dietary fruits and vegetables. Quercetin, like other flavonoids, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. However, relatively little is known about how quercetin achieves its neuroprotective abilities.

Quercetin enhances human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated ion current through interactions with Ca(2+) binding sites.

The flavonoid quercetin is a low molecular weight substance found in fruits and vegetables. Aside from its anti-oxidative effect, quercetin, like other flavonoids, has a wide range of neuropharmacological actions. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) has a Ca(2+)-binding site, is highly permeable to the Ca(2+) ion, and plays important roles in Ca(2+)-related normal brain functions.

Ginsenoside Rg3 activates human KCNQ1 K+ channel currents through interacting with the K318 and V319 residues: a role of KCNE1 subunit.

The slowly activating delayed rectifier K(+) channels (I(Ks)) are one of the main pharmacological targets for development of drugs against cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac I(Ks) consists of KCNQ1 plus KCNE1 subunits. Ginsenoside, one of the active ingredient of Panax ginseng, enhances cardiac I(Ks) currents.

Mutations Leu427, Asn428, and Leu431 residues within transmembrane domain-I-segment 6 attenuate ginsenoside-mediated L-type Ca(2+) channel current inhibitions.

Many lines of evidences have shown that Panax ginseng exhibits beneficial effects on cardiovascular systems. We previously demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg(3) (Rg(3)), one of active ingredients of Panax ginseng, inhibits Ca(2+) channel currents in a stereospecific manner and affects the steady-state activation but not inactivation. This points a possibility that Rg(3) regulates Ca(2+) channels through specific interaction site(s) for Ca(2+) influx inhibition through Ca(2+) channels.

A role for the Val291 residue within the transmembrane domain 2 in diltiazem- and TMB-8 [3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester]-mediated 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3A receptor regulations.

Previous reports have shown that diltiazem and TMB, calcium channel antagonists, inhibit 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3A (5-HT(3A)) receptor-mediated currents (I(5-HT)) in cell lines and in heterologously expressed Xenopus oocytes. In the present study, we sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diltiazem- and TMB-induced 5-HT(3A) receptor regulations. We used the two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique to investigate the effect of diltiazem and TMB on 5-HT-mediated ion currents in Xenopus oocytes expressing wild-type or 5-HT(3A) receptors harboring mutations in the gating pore region of transmembrane domain 2 (TM2).