[Cognitive deficits in epilepsy].

Cognitive deficits are common in people with epilepsy and may have impact on education, work, and personal life. Furthermore, cognitive symptoms are often present before seizure onset and often persist upon seizure freedom. As presented in this review, epilepsy is more than just seizures and alike epileptic activity, cognitive dysfunction is a symptom of underlying pathophysiology of the brain and a condition which needs to be addressed when the diagnosis of epilepsy is set.

The prediction of resilience to alcohol consumption in youths: insular and subcallosal cingulate myeloarchitecture.

Background: The prediction of alcohol consumption in youths and particularly biomarkers of resilience, is critical for early intervention to reduce the risk of subsequent harmful alcohol use.

Methods: At baseline, the longitudinal relaxation rate (R1), indexing grey matter myelination (i.e.

Applied strategy in the Iowa Gambling Task: Comparison of individuals with Parkinson's disease to healthy controls.

Introduction: Decision-making impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) have frequently been measured using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), though results have been inconsistent. At present, task performance has primarily been evaluated based on the total IGT score, and there is a need for further analysis of the strategy of older individuals with PD and healthy control (HC) participants in IGT.

Objective: The present study aims to explore possible impairments in IGT performance in individuals with PD compared to healthy controls using strategy analysis, extending previous results on this subject, and to discuss potential effects of medication on task performance.

The myeloarchitecture of impulsivity: premature responding in youth is associated with decreased myelination of ventral putamen.

Impulsivity has been suggested as a neurocognitive endophenotype conferring risk across a number of neuropsychiatric conditions, including substance and behavioural addictions, eating disorders, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. We used a paradigm with interspecies translation validity (the four-choice serial reaction time task, 4CSRTT) to assess 'waiting' impulsivity in a youth sample (N = 99, aged 16-26 years). We collected magnetization prepared two rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP2RAGE) scans, which enabled us to measure R1, the longitudinal relaxation rate, a parameter closely related to tissue myelin content, as well as quantify grey matter volume.

Distraction towards contextual alcohol cues and craving are associated with levels of alcohol use among youth.

Background: Controlling drinking behaviour requires the ability to block out distracting alcohol cues in situations in which drinking is inappropriate or harmful. However, at present few studies have investigated whether distraction and response inhibition to contextual alcohol cues are related to alcohol use in adolescents and young adults. We aimed to investigate whether tendencies towards distraction and failures of response inhibition in the presence of contextual alcohol cues, and alcohol craving were associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption, beyond what could be explained by demographic variables.

Impulsivity traits and addiction-related behaviors in youth.

Background and aims Impulsivity is a risk factor for addictive behaviors. The UPPS-P impulsivity model has been associated with substance addiction and gambling disorder, but its role in other non-substance addiction-related behaviors is less understood. We sought to examine associations between UPPS-P impulsivity traits and indicators of multiple substance and non-substance addiction-related behaviors in youth with varying involvement in these behaviors.

Recommendation to reconsider examining cannabis subtypes together due to opposing effects on brain, cognition and behavior.

Cannabis use represents a major public health issue throughout the globe. Yet, we still lack the most fundamental knowledge on long-term effects of cannabis on neural, cognitive, and behavioral function. Part of this stems from how cannabis has been measured historically.

A systematic review of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease.

Throughout the past decade it has been recognized that dopaminergic medication administered to remedy motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease is associated with an enhanced risk for impulse control disorders and related compulsive behaviors such as hobbyism, punding, and the dopamine dysregulation syndrome. These complications are relatively frequent, affecting 6-15.5% of patients, and they most often appear, or worsen, after initiation of dopaminergic therapy or dosage increase.

Dopaminergic and clinical correlates of pathological gambling in Parkinson's disease: a case report.

Dopaminergic medication for motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) recently has been linked with impulse control disorders, including pathological gambling (PG), which affects up to 8% of patients. PG often is considered a behavioral addiction associated with disinhibition, risky decision-making, and altered striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission. Using [(11)C]raclopride with positron emission tomography, we assessed dopaminergic neurotransmission during Iowa Gambling Task performance.