Plasma Metabolite Profiling in the Search for Early-Stage Biomarkers for Lung Cancer: Some Important Breakthroughs.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In order to improve its overall survival, early diagnosis is required. Since current screening methods still face some pitfalls, such as high false positive rates for low-dose computed tomography, researchers are still looking for early biomarkers to complement existing screening techniques in order to provide a safe, faster, and more accurate diagnosis.

Sodium loading in ambulatory patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Mechanistic insights into sodium handling.

Aims: Sodium restriction was not associated with improved outcomes in heart failure patients in recent trials. The skin might act as a sodium buffer, potentially explaining tolerance to fluctuations in sodium intake without volume overload, but this is insufficiently understood. Therefore, we studied the handling of an increased sodium load in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

NMR-Metabolomics Reveals a Metabolic Shift after Surgical Resection of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background: Lung cancer can be detected by measuring the patient's plasma metabolomic profile using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This NMR-based plasma metabolomic profile is patient-specific and represents a snapshot of the patient's metabolite concentrations. The onset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) causes a change in the metabolite profile.

Changes in Metabolism as a Diagnostic Tool for Lung Cancer: Systematic Review.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with five-year survival rates varying from 3-62%. Screening aims at early detection, but half of the patients are diagnosed in advanced stages, limiting therapeutic possibilities. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) is an essential technique in lung cancer detection and staging, with a sensitivity reaching 96%.

Unraveling the Rewired Metabolism in Lung Cancer Using Quantitative NMR Metabolomics.

Lung cancer cells are well documented to rewire their metabolism and energy production networks to enable proliferation and survival in a nutrient-poor and hypoxic environment. Although metabolite profiling of blood plasma and tissue is still emerging in omics approaches, several techniques have shown potential in cancer diagnosis. In this paper, the authors describe the alterations in the metabolic phenotype of lung cancer patients.

3D Convolutional Neural Network-Based Denoising of Low-Count Whole-Body F-Fluorodeoxyglucose and Zr-Rituximab PET Scans.

Acquisition time and injected activity of F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) PET should ideally be reduced. However, this decreases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which impairs the diagnostic value of these PET scans. In addition, Zr-antibody PET is known to have a low SNR.

Detection of Lung Cancer via Blood Plasma and H-NMR Metabolomics: Validation by a Semi-Targeted and Quantitative Approach Using a Protein-Binding Competitor.

Metabolite profiling of blood plasma, by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectroscopy, offers great potential for early cancer diagnosis and unraveling disruptions in cancer metabolism. Despite the essential attempts to standardize pre-analytical and external conditions, such as pH or temperature, the donor-intrinsic plasma protein concentration is highly overlooked. However, this is of utmost importance, since several metabolites bind to these proteins, resulting in an underestimation of signal intensities.

Repeatability of two semi-automatic artificial intelligence approaches for tumor segmentation in PET.

Background: Positron emission tomography (PET) is routinely used for cancer staging and treatment follow-up. Metabolic active tumor volume (MATV) as well as total MATV (TMATV-including primary tumor, lymph nodes and metastasis) and/or total lesion glycolysis derived from PET images have been identified as prognostic factor or for the evaluation of treatment efficacy in cancer patients. To this end, a segmentation approach with high precision and repeatability is important.

Plausibility and redundancy analysis to select FDG-PET textural features in non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Radiomics refers to the extraction of a large number of image biomarker describing the tumor phenotype displayed in a medical image. Extracted from positron emission tomography (PET) images, radiomics showed diagnostic and prognostic value for several cancer types. However, a large number of radiomic features are nonreproducible or highly correlated with conventional PET metrics.

The Metabolic Landscape of Lung Cancer: New Insights in a Disturbed Glucose Metabolism.

Metabolism encompasses the biochemical processes that allow healthy cells to keep energy, redox balance and building blocks required for cell development, survival, and proliferation steady. Malignant cells are well-documented to reprogram their metabolism and energy production networks to support rapid proliferation and survival in harsh conditions via mutations in oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Despite the histologic and genetic heterogeneity of tumors, a common set of metabolic pathways sustain the high proliferation rates observed in cancer cells.

Correlations between the metabolic profile and F-FDG-Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography parameters reveal the complexity of the metabolic reprogramming within lung cancer patients.

Several studies have demonstrated that the metabolite composition of plasma may indicate the presence of lung cancer. The metabolism of cancer is characterized by an enhanced glucose uptake and glycolysis which is exploited by F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET) in the work-up and management of cancer. This study aims to explore relationships between H-NMR spectroscopy derived plasma metabolite concentrations and the uptake of labeled glucose (F-FDG) in lung cancer tissue.

Glutamine Addiction and Therapeutic Strategies in Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer cells are well-documented to rewire their metabolism and energy production networks to support rapid survival and proliferation. This metabolic reorganization has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer. The increased uptake of glucose and the increased activity of the glycolytic pathway have been extensively described.

Prognostic value of total lesion glycolysis and metabolic active tumor volume in non-small cell lung cancer.

Introduction: To predict the outcome of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) the currently used prognostic system (TNM) is not accurate enough. The prognostic significance of the SUV measured by PET remains controversial. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value in overall survival and progression free survival of SUV, the total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and the mean metabolic active volume (MATV) in NSCLC.

The plasma glutamate concentration as a complementary tool to differentiate benign PET-positive lung lesions from lung cancer.

Background: Pulmonary imaging often identifies suspicious abnormalities resulting in supplementary diagnostic procedures. This study aims to investigate whether the metabolic fingerprint of plasma allows to discriminate between patients with lung inflammation and patients with lung cancer.

Methods: Metabolic profiles of plasma from 347 controls, 269 cancer patients and 108 patients with inflammation were obtained by H-NMR spectroscopy.

Metabolic phenotyping of human plasma by H-NMR at high and medium magnetic field strengths: a case study for lung cancer.

Accurate identification and quantification of human plasma metabolites can be challenging in crowded regions of the NMR spectrum with severe signal overlap. Therefore, this study describes metabolite spiking experiments on the basis of which the NMR spectrum can be rationally segmented into well-defined integration regions, and this for spectrometers having magnetic field strengths corresponding to H resonance frequencies of 400 MHz and 900 MHz. Subsequently, the integration data of a case-control dataset of 69 lung cancer patients and 74 controls were used to train a multivariate statistical classification model for both field strengths.

Detection of Lung Cancer through Metabolic Changes Measured in Blood Plasma.

Introduction: Low-dose computed tomography, the currently used tool for lung cancer screening, is characterized by a high rate of false-positive results. Accumulating evidence has shown that cancer cell metabolism differs from that of normal cells. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate whether the metabolic phenotype of blood plasma allows detection of lung cancer.

Metabolic phenotyping of human blood plasma: a powerful tool to discriminate between cancer types?

Background: Accumulating evidence has shown that cancer cell metabolism differs from that of normal cells. However, up to now it is not clear whether different cancer types are characterized by a specific metabolite profile. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate whether the plasma metabolic phenotype allows to discriminate between lung and breast cancer.

Relation between different methods for analysing ST segment deviation and infarct size as assessed by positron emission tomography.

Objective: To study the relation between resolution of ST segment deviation and infarct size using positron emission tomography.

Methods: 45 patients with ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention were studied prospectively. An ECG was taken before and at (mean (SD)) 100 (45) min after reperfusion therapy.

A nonsurgical porcine model of left ventricular dysfunction. Validation of myocardial viability using dobutamine stress echocardiography and positron emission tomography.

BACKGROUND: Although several short-term animal models of stunning and hibernation have been studied extensively, it has been difficult to produce a consistent animal model of chronic hibernation. The aim of the present study was to develop a nonsurgical porcine stent model of coronary stenosis in order to investigate the relationship between chronic dysfunctional myocardium and viability using 2D-echo, dobutamine stress echo (DSE) and positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS AND RESULTS: Focal progressive coronary stenosis was induced by implantation of an oversized stent in the left anterior descending (LAD) and/or circumflex (LCX) coronary artery in a total of 115 pigs, according to various experimental protocols: copper stent in the LAD (group I, n = 5); noncoated stainless steel stent in the LAD combined with balloon overstretch (group II, n = 7); poly(organo)phosphazene-coated stent in the LAD (group III, n = 77); and poly(organo)phosphazene-coated stent in both the LAD and the LCX (group IV, n = 26).

Dissociation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and dedifferentiation in infarct border zones.

Aims: Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is known to occur in infarct border zones, where cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, as seen in hibernating myocardium, can also be observed. The aim of the study is to determine whether dedifferentiated cardiomyocytes represent a population of cells stably surviving or undergoing apoptosis.

Methods And Results: Microinfarctions were induced in sheep (n=8) by intracoronary injection of polymer macrobeads.

PET "reversed mismatch pattern" early after acute myocardial infarction: follow-up of flow, metabolism and function.

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes of flow, metabolism and left ventricular function in patients revealing a "reversed mismatch" pattern (reduced glucose uptake relative to perfusion) on positron emission tomography (PET) early after myocardial infarction. In 19 out of 68 patients (28%), prospectively included in the GUSTO-I or STAR studies, a PET reversed mismatch pattern in the infarct-related region was found. All patients received thrombolytic therapy within 3 h after onset of pain and coronary angiography 90 min later.

PET reversed mismatch in an experimental model of subacute myocardial infarction.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between flow/metabolism, histology and functional follow-up in a sheep model of subacute myocardial infarction. In eight juvenile sheep, a myocardial infarction was induced by intracoronary injection of macrobeads. Left ventricular function was evaluated using echocardiography.

Surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux: 5-year follow-up with 99Tcm-DMSA scintigraphy.

Aim: To evaluate kidney function before and after surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux. The long-term effect was measured with quantitative nephro-scintigraphy using 99Tcm labelled dimercaptosuccinic acid (99Tcm-DMSA).

Methods: Forty-five children with a history of urinary tract infections due to vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were studied.