Quantified small bowel motility assessment on magnetic resonance enterography in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease - does it reflect clinical response?

Background: Quantified small bowel motility assessment using cine magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) has shown promise as a biomarker in adult inflammatory bowel disease. Whether quantified motility corresponds to treatment response in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease is unknown.

Objective: To test whether changes in motility reflect response.

Ultrasound for infantile midgut malrotation: Techniques, pearls, and pitfalls.

Midgut malrotation with volvulus is a surgical emergency with potentially devastating outcomes which include short gut syndrome necessitating long-term parenteral nutrition, overwhelming sepsis, and death. The clinical presentation is most frequently with bilious vomiting in the first days-weeks of life, which is non-specific and common. Timely imaging investigation is therefore crucial to prevent delays to diagnosis and treatment and avoid unnecessary surgical exploration in infants with non-surgical bilious vomiting.

Intraoperative ultrasound-guided paediatric urological surgery: a pictorial review.

Intraoperative ultrasound is described widely in multiple pathological scenarios in adult practice and in image-guided interventions in children. We aim to describe the technique and range of potential uses of intraoperative ultrasound in paediatric urological surgery, from outlining the process of case selection, preparation, and logistics to demonstrating the ranging benefits of real-time, high spatial resolution ultrasound during resection. At our centre, we use intraoperative ultrasound to assist in a variety of operations.

A far-ultraviolet-driven photoevaporation flow observed in a protoplanetary disk.

Most low-mass stars form in stellar clusters that also contain massive stars, which are sources of far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation. Theoretical models predict that this FUV radiation produces photodissociation regions (PDRs) on the surfaces of protoplanetary disks around low-mass stars, which affects planet formation within the disks. We report James Webb Space Telescope and Atacama Large Millimeter Array observations of a FUV-irradiated protoplanetary disk in the Orion Nebula.

Paediatric radiology training in the UK: a national trainee survey by the British Society of Paediatric Radiologists (BSPR).

Aim: To survey current UK radiology trainee experiences and opinions regarding the quality of paediatric radiology training encountered in their core years, and assess their career ambitions with regards to paediatric radiology.

Materials And Methods: A 22-question online survey, approved by the BSPR committee, was promoted over 12 months (1 February 2022 to 31 January 2023) across current radiology trainees and fellows via regional radiology training programme directors (TPDs), Junior Radiology Forum (JRF) trainee representatives, at BSPR Junior Forum webinar teaching sessions, and via social media/word of mouth.

Results: Eighty-three UK survey responses were received from 17/19 (89%) training schemes.

Ultrasound as the first line investigation for midgut malrotation: a UK tertiary centre experience.

Aim: To present the first 22-months experience of transitioning to an ultrasound-first pathway for suspected midgut malrotation.

Materials And Methods: An "ultrasound-first" imaging pathway was initiated in October 2021. Twenty-two-months later, a search was undertaken of all <1-year-old patients with "bilious", "malrotation," or "volvulus" as the imaging indication.

Intussusception reduction methods in daily practice-a survey by the European Society of Paediatric Radiology Abdominal Imaging Taskforce.

Background: Image-guided intussusception reduction has been practised internationally for many decades. The use of different modalities, delayed repeat attempts, and sedation/anaesthesia are unknown.

Objective: To survey the practice of image-guided intussusception reduction.

Formation of the methyl cation by photochemistry in a protoplanetary disk.

Forty years ago, it was proposed that gas-phase organic chemistry in the interstellar medium can be initiated by the methyl cation CH (refs. ), but so far it has not been observed outside the Solar System. Alternative routes involving processes on grain surfaces have been invoked.

Are we too reliant on medical imaging?

Imaging technology has revolutionised modern medicine. It is difficult to imagine a time when we practiced without it, but have we become too reliant, and should we be aiming for more judicious use of imaging services?

Radiological and surgical correlation of pelviureteric junction obstruction in positional anomalies of the kidney in children.

Pelviureteric junction obstruction, also known as ureteropelvic junction obstruction, is a congenital narrowing of the urinary excretory tract at the junction between the renal pelvis and the ureter and is a common cause of congenital pelvicalyceal dilatation. The outcome is variable, from spontaneous resolution to renal parenchymal function loss in cases of untreated high-grade obstruction. Abnormalities in renal ascent, rotation and vascularity can be associated with pelviureteric junction obstruction and easily overlooked radiologically.

Presentation to publication: Changes in paediatric radiology research trends 2010-2016.

Background: More than half of paediatric radiology research presented at annual conference meetings between 2010-2012 remains unpublished. It is unclear if there are any improvements in this statistic despite some initiatives to improve awareness of the importance of evidence-based medicine.

Objectives: To determine the abstract to publication rates (APRs) originating from recent paediatric radiology meetings, trends in research topics and factors associated with publication success.

Imaging characteristics of infantile fibrosarcoma.

Aim: To highlight the imaging findings in a case series of histologically confirmed infantile fibrosarcoma (IF) and identify any features specific to this entity.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective identification was undertaken of patients with histologically confirmed IF from the electronic patient databases of two institutions between 1 January 2010 and 1 May 2021. Available pre-treatment imaging, histopathological reports, and clinical records were reviewed.

Artificial intelligence applied to fetal MRI: A scoping review of current research.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as the development of computer systems to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence. A subset of AI, known as machine learning (ML), takes this further by drawing inferences from patterns in data to 'learn' and 'adapt' without explicit instructions meaning that computer systems can 'evolve' and hopefully improve without necessarily requiring external human influences. The potential for this novel technology has resulted in great interest from the medical community regarding how it can be applied in healthcare.

Abdominal US in Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS).

Background Children with pediatric inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS), also known as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, present with abdominal pain among other nonspecific symptoms. Although initial imaging features of PIMS-TS have been reported, the duration of sonographic features remains unknown. Purpose To describe the abdominal US features of PIMS-TS at initial presentation and follow-up.

Value of additional lateral radiographs in paediatric skeletal surveys for suspected physical abuse.

Aim: To determine the added value of lateral limb radiographs in suspected physical abuse (SPA), particularly with regard to fracture detection and reporter confidence.

Methods And Materials: A 3-year (October 2017 to November 2020) retrospective study was conducted. Two blinded paediatric radiologists independently reviewed the appendicular radiographs for the presence of fractures, first by reviewing just the frontal projections, then both frontal and lateral radiographs.

Artificial intelligence reporting guidelines: what the pediatric radiologist needs to know.

There has been an exponential rise in artificial intelligence (AI) research in imaging in recent years. While the dissemination of study data that has the potential to improve clinical practice is welcomed, the level of detail included in early AI research reporting has been highly variable and inconsistent, particularly when compared to more traditional clinical research. However, inclusion checklists are now commonly available and accessible to those writing or reviewing clinical research papers.

Imaging of cerebral complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with congenital heart disease - ultrasound with multimodality correlation.

Cranial ultrasound on neonatal intensive care units is generally performed by intensive care physicians, but radiologists often provide this crucial bedside test to children on specialist paediatric cardiac intensive care units. On a paediatric cardiac intensive care unit, complex congenital cardiac conditions are commonly encountered in both pre- and postoperative scenarios, often with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which both increases the risks of a number of neurologic complications and results in significant changes in vascular physiology. The aim of this pictorial essay is to discuss cranial ultrasound technique, demonstrate the changes in Doppler flow profiles resulting from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and congenital cardiac conditions, and illustrate commonly encountered intracranial complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in congenital cardiac care.

Why do pregnant women participate in research? A patient participation investigation using Q-Methodology.

Background: Patient participation in study design is paramount to design studies that are acceptable to patients. Despite an increase in research involving pregnant women, relatively little is known about the motivational factors that govern their decision to be involved in a clinical trial, compared to other patient groups.

Objective: To better understand the viewpoints of pregnant women who take part in clinical trials.

Massive pulmonary embolism and thrombophilia.

A 32-year-old man presented overnight to the accident and emergency unit with mild breathlessness on exertion. He was found to be hypoxic on room air and his chest x-ray revealed areas of patchy lung consolidation. He was given intravenous antibiotics for presumed community-acquired pneumonia.