Structural basis of Cas9 DNA interrogation with a 5' truncated sgRNA.

The efficiency and accuracy of CRISPR-Cas9 targeting varies considerably across genomic targets and remains a persistent issue for using this system in cells. Studies have shown that the use of 5' truncated single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) can reduce the rate of unwanted off-target recognition while still maintaining on-target specificity. However, it is not well-understood how reducing target complementarity enhances specificity or how truncation past 15 nucleotides (nts) prevents full Cas9 activation without compromising on-target binding.

Thermal Inactivation of Cells of Salmonella spp. in Pot Pies Prepared With a Beef, Chicken, or Meat Alternative Filling, With and Without Gravy, During Cooking in a Convection Oven.

Cooking parameters elaborated in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service Cooking Guideline for Meat and Poultry Products (Appendix A) were evaluated for inactivation of Salmonella spp.

A modular system for programming multistep activation of endogenous genes in stem cells.

Unlabelled: Although genomes encode instructions for mammalian cell differentiation with rich syntactic relationships, existing methods for genetically programming cells have modest capabilities for stepwise regulation of genes. Here, we developed a sequential genetic system that enables transcriptional activation of endogenous genes in a preprogrammed, stepwise manner. The system relies on the removal of an RNA polymerase III termination signal to induce both the transcriptional activation and the DNA endonuclease activities of a Cas9-VPR protein to effect stepwise progression through cascades of gene activation events.

Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. During Cooking of Country Ham and Fate of L. monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus During Storage of Country Ham Slices.

Thermal inactivation studies were undertaken on Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. inoculated on the surface of country ham. Hams (average = ca.

Appearance of tuft cells during prostate cancer progression.

Tuft cells are chemosensory epithelial cells that increase in number following infection or injury to robustly activate the innate immune response to alleviate or promote disease. Recent studies of castration resistant prostate cancer and its subtype, neuroendocrine prostate cancer, revealed Pou2f3+ populations in mouse models. The transcription factor Pou2f3 is a master regulator of the tuft cell lineage.

Ultra-deep sequencing of Hadza hunter-gatherers recovers vanishing gut microbes.

The gut microbiome modulates immune and metabolic health. Human microbiome data are biased toward industrialized populations, limiting our understanding of non-industrialized microbiomes. Here, we performed ultra-deep metagenomic sequencing on 351 fecal samples from the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania and comparative populations in Nepal and California.

Mycotoxin Quantification by Competitive ELISA.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are useful in the quantification of antigens like mycotoxins. The zearalenone (ZEA) mycotoxin is commonly found in cereal crops such as corn and wheat, which are used in domestic and farm animal feed. When consumed by farm animals, ZEA can cause harmful reproductive effects.

Supporting Parents of Children with ADHD During COVID-19 School Closures: A Multiple-Baseline Trial of Behavioral Parent Training for Home Learning.

Unlabelled: During the COVID-19 pandemic, schools rapidly changed from in-class instruction to remote learning. Parent involvement and management of the home learning situation was greatly emphasized, and this presented challenges and opportunities for parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There was an urgent need for effective parent support in the home learning situation, particularly for parents of youth with ADHD.

Is the Measure Good Enough? Measurement Invariance and Validity of the Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale in a University Population.

Imposter Phenomenon (IP) was coined in 1978 by Clance and Imes and has been an important construct in explaining individuals' experiences of believing that achievements are a result of luck or misperceptions of others rather than personal competence. The Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale (CIPS), developed in 1985, is a prominent operationalization of this construct. Although this scale has been widely used since its inception, its factor structure has been inconsistent across studies and no tests of measurement invariance are documented in the literature.

Mindfulness as an Adjunct to Behavior Modification for Elementary-aged Children with ADHD.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder defined by pervasive symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Furthermore, children with ADHD show marked deficits in executive functioning (EF) such as attention, effortful control, and behavior, and are more likely to have poor self-regulatory skills. Current evidence-based interventions for children with ADHD include behavioral treatment (BT), psychopharmacological treatment, and their combination.

Robust variation in infant gut microbiome assembly across a spectrum of lifestyles.

Infant microbiome assembly has been intensely studied in infants from industrialized nations, but little is known about this process in nonindustrialized populations. We deeply sequenced infant stool samples from the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania and analyzed them in a global meta-analysis. Infant microbiomes develop along lifestyle-associated trajectories, with more than 20% of genomes detected in the Hadza infant gut representing novel species.

Transcriptional Repression by FoxM1 Suppresses Tumor Differentiation and Promotes Metastasis of Breast Cancer.

Unlabelled: The transcription factor Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) is overexpressed in breast cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, FoxM1 associates with CBP to activate transcription and with Rb to repress transcription. Although the activating function of FoxM1 in breast cancer has been well documented, the significance of its repressive activity is poorly understood.

The CIAMIB: a Large and Metabolically Diverse Collection of Inflammation-Associated Bacteria from the Murine Gut.

Gut inflammation directly impacts the growth and stability of commensal gut microbes and can lead to long-lasting changes in microbiota composition that can prolong or exacerbate disease states. While mouse models are used extensively to investigate the interplay between microbes and the inflamed state, the paucity of cultured mouse gut microbes has hindered efforts to determine causal relationships. To address this issue, we are assembling the Collection of Inflammation-Associated Mouse Intestinal Bacteria (CIAMIB).

Mind-Wandering and Childhood ADHD: Experimental Manipulations across Laboratory and Naturalistic Settings.

The conceptual overlap between mind-wandering and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related impairments is considerable, yet little experimental research examining this overlap among children is available. The current study aims to experimentally manipulate mind-wandering among children with and without ADHD and examine effects on task performance. Participants were 59 children with ADHD and 55 age-matched controls.

Independent host- and bacterium-based determinants protect a model symbiosis from phage predation.

Bacteriophages (phages) are diverse and abundant constituents of microbial communities worldwide, capable of modulating bacterial populations in diverse ways. Here, we describe the phage HNL01, which infects the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri. We use culture-based approaches to demonstrate that mutations in the exopolysaccharide locus of V.

Methanol decomposition on Ni(111) and O/Ni(111).

Methanol decomposition on Ni(111) surfaces has been studied in the presence and absence of oxygen using temperature-programmed desorption and temperature-dependent sum frequency generation spectroscopy. Under both conditions the C-H and O-H bonds break, forming carbon monoxide and atomic hydrogen on the surface. No C-O bond scission was observed, limiting the number of reaction pathways.

Cysteine oxidation of copper transporter CTR1 drives VEGFR2 signalling and angiogenesis.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2, also known as KDR and FLK1) signalling in endothelial cells (ECs) is essential for developmental and reparative angiogenesis. Reactive oxygen species and copper (Cu) are also involved in these processes. However, their inter-relationship is poorly understood.