Organelle-level toxicity of nanometals relevant to titanium implants. Original research and comprehensive literature overview.

Objective: This study analyzed organelle toxicities of nanometals applied as free formulations or titanium rod-coating materials in rats.

Methods: All materials were injected intraperitoneally, including the physiological saline applied to the control group. The first experimental group was implanted with nanosilver-coated titanium rods, and the second, third, and fourth groups received free nanosilver at rising levels.

Potential Neurotoxic Effects of Glioblastoma-Derived Exosomes in Primary Cultures of Cerebellar Neurons via Oxidant Stress and Glutathione Depletion.

High-grade gliomas are the most fatal brain tumors. Grade 4 gliomas are called glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which are associated with the poorest survival and a 5-year survival rate of less than 4%. Many patients with GBM developed concomitant cognitive dysfunctions and epilepsy.

Ulipristal-temozolomide-hydroxyurea combination for glioblastoma: in-vitro studies.

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain malignancy with worst survival. Low dose progesterone stimulates GBM growth, while progesterone receptor (PR)-antagonist mifepristone was shown to reduce growth and to enhance temozolomide sensitivity in GBM cells. Mifepristone is not available in all countries due to ethical reasons and may cause adrenal insufficiency and pelvic infections.

Could dietary erucic acid lower risk of brain tumors? An epidemiological look to Chinese population with implications for prevention and treatment.

Erucic acid, an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid present in Brassicaceae plants (rapeseed and mustard oils) is highly consumed by the Chinese population and according to several global survey studies, its highest levels are encountered in the Chinese women's milk. Erucic acid is an activating ligand of the transcription factor PPARδ and an inhibitor of the transcriptional activity of PPARγ, which drive tumorigenesis of glioblastomas and medulloblastomas. In this theoretical review, we propose that erucic acid in diet may associate with the risk of brain tumors.

MGMT in glial carcinogenesis. Roles from prevention to treatment.

Many investigations exist regarding the effect of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT (O 6 -methylguanine- DNA-methyltransferase)-encoding gene methylation on the antineoplasticity of temozolomide in glioblastoma patients. However, there exist surprisingly lesser studies regarding the associations between MGMT enzyme biochemistry with glial carcinogenesis. MGMT involves in risk of malignancies associated with ionizing radiation, smoking, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, vinylchloride and hairdyes.

Combining locoregional CAR-T cells, autologous + allogeneic tumor lysate vaccination and levamisole in treatment of glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain malignancy and harbors a microenvironment limiting immune cells activity. CAR-T cells are being tested in the treatment of cancers and there exist reports which demonstrate dramatic regression of multicentric GBMs following intrathecal treatment with CAR-T cells. In this article, a triple approach for immune treatment of GBM is proposed.

A hypothetical proposal to employ meperidine and tamoxifen in treatment of glioblastoma. Role of P-glycoprotein, ceramide and metabolic pathways.

Meperidine (pethidine) is a µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist widely used in the treatment of cancer pain. While MOR agonists in experimental models have demonstrated both pro- and antitumorigenic properties, meperidine has unique features which may be predominantly anticancer in nature. Meperidine both inhibits NMDA (N-methyl-D-Aspartate) receptors, which are involved in the progression of glioblastoma, and blocks NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase, which may hinder mitochondrial respiration.

Oxamate targeting aggressive cancers with special emphasis to brain tumors.

Cancer is one of the main causes of human mortality and brain tumors, including invasive pituitary adenomas, medulloblastomas and glioblastomas are common brain malignancies with poor prognosis. Therefore, the development of innovative management strategies for refractory cancers and brain tumors is important. In states of mitochondrial dysfunction - commonly encountered in malignant cells - cells mostly shift to anaerobic glycolysis by increasing the expression of LDHA (Lactate Dehydrogenase-A) gene.

Design and evaluation of erucic acid-phytosphingosine structured cationic nanoemulsions as a plasmid DNA delivery system against breast cancer cells.

This study is focused on the preparation and characterization of erucic acid (EA) and phytosphingosine (PS) containing cationic nanoemulsions (NEs) for plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery. Repurposing of cationic agents guided us to PS, previously used for enhanced interaction with negatively charged surfaces. It was reported that EA might act anti-tumoral on C6 glioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and glioblastoma.

Immunomodifying and neuroprotective effects of noscapine: Implications for multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders.

Noscapine is a phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid with antitussive activity. Noscapine protects oligodendroglia from ischemic and chemical injury, binds to bitter taste receptors, antagonizes the bradykinin and histaminergic systems, which may be of benefit in treatment of multiple sclerosis. Noscapine normalizes axonal transport and exerts significant therapeutic efficacy in animal models of Parkinson's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Treatment Strategies for Dopamine Agonist-Resistant and Aggressive Prolactinomas: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Literature.

Despite most of the prolactinomas can be treated with endocrine therapy and/or surgery, a significant percentage of these tumors can be resistant to endocrine treatments and/or recur with prominent invasion into the surrounding anatomical structures. Hence, clinical, pathological, and molecular definitions of aggressive prolactinomas are important to guide for classical and novel treatment modalities. In this review, we aimed to define molecular endocrinological features of dopamine agonist-resistant and aggressive prolactinomas for designing future multimodality treatments.

A pediatric cerebral tumor with MN1 alteration and pathological features mimicking carcinoma metastasis: may the terminology "high grade neuroepithelial tumor with MN1 alteration" still be relevant?

Introduction: Astroblastoma, MN1-altered (old name: high-grade neuroepithelial tumor/HGNET with MN1 alteration) is a recently described central nervous system tumor mostly affecting pediatric patients and profoundly young girls. Differential pathological diagnoses of these tumors include ependymoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, meningioma, and even glioblastoma. As the treatment approaches to these tumors differ, it is essential to increase the awareness about these tumors in the neurosurgical community.

Caprylic acid ameliorates rotenone induced inflammation and oxidative stress in the gut-brain axis in Zebrafish.

Background: Dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is one of the most common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Pathological processes causing PD were suggested to initiate in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and proceed to the central nervous system (CNS). There are studies showing that low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets can improve motor symptoms of PD.

Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young: A detailed pathomolecular analysis and discussion of a case.

Aim: Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY) is a rare entity with a diffuse, infiltrative pattern, awaiting to be included in the WHO CNS tumor classification; it occurs in pediatric and young patients with seizures and harbors mutually exclusive BRAFV600E or FGFR mutations. Nonetheless, the presence of these mutations may not be obligatory for diagnosis. The conventional histology of these tumors resembles that of oligodendrogliomas.

Mechanisms of Colorectal Cancer Prevention by Aspirin-A Literature Review and Perspective on the Role of COX-Dependent and -Independent Pathways.

Aspirin, synthesized and marketed in 1897 by Bayer, is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. It has a well-recognized role in decreasing inflammation, pain and fever, and in the prevention of thrombotic cardiovascular diseases. Its anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective actions have been well studied and occur through inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX).

Neurosurgical and neuro-immunological management of IgG4-related hypertrophic sclerosing pachymeningitis. A literature survey and discussion of a unique index case.

Background: Dural thickening is observed in lymphoma, dural carcinomatosis, meningioma, tuberculosis, and autoimmune diseases. We encountered a patient with dural thickening and complaints of neck and back pain, numbness and loss of strength in the hands. The patient also suffered from polychondritis and had previously received steroid and methotrexate treatment for this indication.

Minor Physical Anomalies in Bipolar Disorder.

Objective: High-arched palate is more frequent in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD). Upto 40% of patients develop schizophrenia in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome manifested with cleft lip and palate, which originate from the first pharyngeal arch in embryo.

Tamoxifen prevention of meningioma and its proposal for the treatment of meningioma. Revisiting old data in the light of recent epidemiological observations.

Epidemiological studies reported in 2016 and 2019 demonstrated that breast cancer patients under tamoxifen treatment had significantly reduced risks of meningioma development. Tamoxifen treatment duration longer than 1500 days or with cumulative dosage higher than 26 320 mg have especially lowered risk of meningioma. Clinical long-term anticancer efficacy of tamoxifen shall associate with simultaneous suppression of estrogen receptor and downregulation of certain growth factor pathways, which may associate with - but not limited to - protein kinase-C (PKC) signaling.

PPARδ and its ligand erucic acid may act anti-tumoral, neuroprotective, and myelin protective in neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, and Parkinson's disease.

In this review study, we focus on potential benefits of the transcription factor PPARδ and its ligand erucic acid (EA) in management of neuroectodermal tumors and Parkinson's Disease. PPARδ is a nuclear receptor and transcription factor that induces myelination, promotes oligodendroglial and neuronal differentiation, and possess anti-neuroinflammatory properties. While both pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic effects have been described for PPARδ, we propose that PPARδ may perform a predominantly anticancer role in tumors originating from the neuroectoderm.

Progesterone at high doses reduces the growth of U87 and A172 glioblastoma cells: Proteomic changes regarding metabolism and immunity.

While pregnancy may accelerate glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) growth, parity and progesterone (P4) containing treatments (ie, hormone replacement therapy) reduce the risk of GBM development. In parallel, low and high doses of P4 exert stimulating and inhibitory actions on GBM growth, respectively. The mechanisms behind the high-dose P4-suppression of GBM growth is unknown.

Caprylic (Octanoic) Acid as a Potential Fatty Acid Chemotherapeutic for Glioblastoma.

High grade glial tumors (HGGs) including anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO Grade-III) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO Grade-IV) are among the most malignant cancers known to man. Due to their defective mitochondria, HGG cells consume glucose via glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. Overall survival is worse in HGG patients that are hyperglycemic.

Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 as a key target in pathogenesis of glioblastoma. Janus faces or Achilles' heal?

Glioblastomas (GBMs) are primary brain tumors with extremely bad prognosis and therefore; discovery of novel regulators of their pathology is of immense importance. LncRNAs (long noncoding RNAs) regulate nuclear structure, embryonic pluripotency, cell differentiation, development and carcinogenesis. Many lncRNAs have weak evolutionary conservation; however, a nuclear lncRNA, MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), is exceptionally conserved and is among the most abundant lncRNAs in benign tissues.

Benign leiomyoma with multiple metastases to vertebrae and calvarium: An index case with comprehensive review of endocrine targets.

"Benign" metastatic leiomyomas (BML) are indolently growing metastatic tumors which mostly associate with uterine leiomyomas in women in reproductive ages. The reason to define these lesions as "benign" despite metastasis is their pathological features with low mitotic counts, lack of or minimal nuclear atypia, pseudocyst formation, and coagulative necrosis unlike leiomyosarcomas. Despite lack of pathological malignant features, they may cause significant morbidity and even mortality.

Neuroprotective effects of mitoquinone and oleandrin on Parkinson's disease model in zebrafish.

The aim of this study is to investigate the possible protective effects of mitoquinone and oleandrin on rotenone induced Parkinson's disease in zebrafish. Adult zebrafish were exposed to rotenone and mitoquinone for 30 days. Biochemical parameters were determined by spectrophotometric method and Parkinson's disease-related gene expressions were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method.