Extending Expectancy Theory to Food Intake: Effect of a Simulated Fast-Food Restaurant on Highly and Minimally Processed Food Expectancies.

Unhealthy diets are widespread and linked to a number of detrimental clinical outcomes. The current preregistered experiment extended Expectancy Theory into the study of food intake; specifically, we tested whether a fast-food restaurant affects food expectancies, or the emotions one expects to feel while eating highly (e.g.

The Role of Resistance Training Dosing on Pain and Physical Function in Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review.

Context: Dosing parameters are needed to ensure the best practice guidelines for knee osteoarthritis.

Objective: To determine whether resistance training affects pain and physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis, and whether a dose-response relationship exists. Second, we will investigate whether the effects are influenced by Kellgren-Lawrence grade or location of osteoarthritis.

Evolutionary Divergence of Gene and Protein Expression in the Brains of Humans and Chimpanzees.

Although transcriptomic profiling has become the standard approach for exploring molecular differences in the primate brain, very little is known about how the expression levels of gene transcripts relate to downstream protein abundance. Moreover, it is unknown whether the relationship changes depending on the brain region or species under investigation. We performed high-throughput transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and proteomic (liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) analyses on two regions of the human and chimpanzee brain: The anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nucleus.

Proteomic characterization of the cellular response to nitrosative stress mediated by s-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibition.

The S-nitrosoglutathione-metabolizing enzyme, GSNO reductase (GSNOR), has emerged as an important regulator of protein S-nitrosylation. GSNOR ablation is protective in models of asthma and heart failure, raising the idea that GSNOR inhibitors might hold therapeutic value. Here, we investigated the effects of a small molecule inhibitor of GSNOR (GSNORi) in mouse RAW 264.

Risk factors for subject withdrawals in clinical trials evaluating glaucoma medications.

Background: To evaluate risk factors for subject withdrawals from multicenter clinical trials evaluating glaucoma medications.

Methods: An analysis of prospective, randomized, multicenter, parallel, active-controlled clinical trials with 70 subjects/treatment arm published from 1996-2008.

Results: We analyzed 36 glaucoma studies including 17,511 subjects at 1,294 clinical sites.

Effects of styrene and styrene oxide on glutathione-related antioxidant enzymes.

Styrene is both hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic in mice. Its mode of action is not clear, but it may be related to oxidative stress including a very large decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH). The current studies evaluated if: (1) the more toxic R-styrene oxide had a greater effect on reduced GSH levels than the less toxic S-styrene oxide, (2) the ratio of reduced to oxidized forms of glutathione was altered by styrene or styrene oxide, (3) other enzymes involved in the oxidant status of the cell, namely glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase were altered, and (4) lipid peroxidation, as measured by the determination of malondialdehyde, increased.

Ring-oxidized metabolites of styrene contribute to styrene-induced Clara-cell toxicity in mice.

Styrene produced cytotoxicity in the terminal bronchioles of mice, but not rats, due to metabolites produced in situ by CYP2F2 metabolism. It has generally been presumed that styrene toxicity is mediated by styrene 7,8-oxide, but styrene oxide is not much more toxic than styrene. In contrast, ring-oxidized metabolites (4-vinylphenol or its metabolites) induce much greater toxicity.

Comparison of the depletion of glutathione in mouse liver and lung following administration of styrene and its metabolites styrene oxide and 4-vinylphenol.

Styrene is hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic in mice. Its major metabolite styrene oxide and its minor, but potent, metabolite 4-vinylphenol cause similar toxicities. Styrene and styrene oxide cause decreases in reduced glutathione levels in tissues.