Food availability aligns with contrasting demographics in populations of an at-risk songbird.

Golden-winged Warblers () have become rare across much of their historic breeding range and response to conservation efforts is variable. Evidence from several recent studies suggests that breeding output is a primary driver explaining responses to conservation and it is hypothesized that differences in food availability may be driving breeding output disparity between two subpopulations of the warbler's Appalachian breeding range. Herein, we studied two subpopulations: central Pennsylvania ("central subpopulation"), where breeding productivity is relatively low, and eastern Pennsylvania ("eastern subpopulation"), where breeding productivity is relatively high.

Diabetic Neuropathy: Pathophysiology Review.

Purpose Of Review: Diabetic neuropathy is a debilitating complication of diabetes mellitus that affects millions of individuals worldwide. It is characterized by nerve damage resulting from prolonged exposure to high blood glucose levels. Diabetic neuropathy may cause a range of symptoms, including pain, numbness, muscle weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and foot ulcers, potentially causing significant impairment to the quality of life for those affected.

Reproductive healthcare in adolescents with autism and other developmental disabilities.

Background: Adults with developmental disabilities often have less access to reproductive health services than adults without these disabilities. However, little is known about how adolescents with developmental disabilities, including autism, access reproductive healthcare.

Objective: We aimed to characterize the use of reproductive healthcare services among adolescents with autism and those with other developmental disabilities in comparison with adolescents with typical development.

Mechanism of Action of Temporary Peripheral Nerve Stimulation.

Purpose Of Review: Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) refers to the technique of utilizing electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves to inhibit the transmission of pain signals. PNS is used to treat chronic intractable pain and post-surgical or post-traumatic pain alongside a variety of other pain conditions, including headaches, facial pain, pelvic and urogenital pain, chest wall pain, residual limb or phantom limb pain, and back pain.

Recent Findings: More recently, PNS has been used temporarily for periods of time less than 60 days to treat acute post-surgical pain.

Addressing Bias in Acute Postoperative Pain Management.

Purpose Of Review: This review evaluates disparities in acute postoperative pain management with regard to gender, race, socioeconomic status, age, and language. Strategies for addressing bias are also discussed.

Recent Findings: Inequities in acute postoperative pain management may lead to longer hospital stays and adverse health outcomes.

Imidacloprid exposure is detectable in over one third of wild bird samples from diverse Texas ecoregions.

Avian decline is occurring globally with neonicotinoid insecticides posed as a potentially contributing factor. Birds can be exposed to neonicotinoids through coated seeds, soil, water, and insects, and experimentally exposed birds show varied adverse effects including mortality and disruption of immune, reproductive, and migration physiology. However, few studies have characterized exposure in wild bird communities over time.

Electronic Cigarettes: A Narrative Review and Cohort Study of Electronic Cigarette Users in the Otolaryngology Clinic.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) are growing in popularity, particularly in young adults. While in vitro and murine models have demonstrated potentially harmful health effects of ENDSs, long-term health effects and clinical outcomes are generally unknown. Use as a smoking cessation aid is propagated by studies of potential harm reduction compared to conventional cigarette smoking.

The Risk of Metachronous Advanced Neoplasia After Colonoscopy in Patients Aged 40-49 Years Compared With That in Patients Aged 50-59 Years.

Introduction: This study investigated the risk of metachronous advanced neoplasia (AN) after colonoscopy in individuals aged 40-49 years compared with that in individuals aged 50-59 years.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed among Kaiser Permanente Northern California members aged 40-59 years who had their first (index) colonoscopy in 2010-2013. Participants were followed up until death, disenrollment, AN on surveillance colonoscopy, or December 31, 2018.

Impaired Fasting Glucose in Pregnancy: Improved Perinatal Outcomes with Active Glycemic Management.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the association between active glycemic management and large for gestational age (LGA) neonates and cesarean delivery (CD) among pregnant women with impaired fasting glucose (IFG).

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data of women with IFG who delivered at the Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2012 to 2017. IFG was defined as isolated fasting glucose ≥95 mg/dL.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cesarean Delivery and Indications Among Nulliparous, Term, Singleton, Vertex Women.

Objective: To compare cesarean delivery rates and indications by race/ethnicity among nulliparous women with term, singleton, vertex presentation deliveries.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of nulliparous women delivering term, singleton, vertex neonates at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 1/1/2016 to 6/30/2017. Women with cesarean for elective, malpresentation, or previa were excluded.

Factors associated with postpartum readmission for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Background: Postpartum readmission has negative implications for patients and health systems. Previous studies suggest that up to 5% of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy experience postpartum readmission. Studies examining factors associated with postpartum readmission for hypertension have had small sample sizes and conflicting results.

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Visibly Affected Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, USA.

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infects many avian species but has rarely been described in Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus). Between September and December 2019, 40 Ruffed Grouse, most in poor physical condition, were submitted to the Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota (US) Departments of Natural Resources; eight were positive for EEEV.

The Adult Neck Mass: Predictors of Malignancy.

Objective: Distinguishing benign from malignant adult neck masses can be challenging because data to guide risk assessment are lacking. We examined patients with neck masses from an integrated health system to identify patient and mass factors associated with malignancy.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort.

Development of a longitudinal two-biomarker algorithm for early detection of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA mutations.

Objective: To develop a longitudinal algorithm combining two biomarkers, CA125 and HE4, for early detection of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA mutations.

Methods: Women with BRCA mutations and intact ovaries were invited to participate in a novel ovarian cancer early detection prospective study. The Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm (ROCA) identifying significant increases above each woman's baseline in serum CA125 and HE4 was performed every four months; abnormal risks triggered a subsequent ultrasound.

Feasibility, patient compliance and acceptability of ovarian cancer surveillance using two serum biomarkers and Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm compared to standard ultrasound and CA 125 among women with BRCA mutations.

Objective: We assessed the feasibility, patient acceptability of and compliance of a new surveillance strategy for ovarian cancer surveillance in women with BRCA mutations, based on assessments of serum CA125 and HE4 every 4 months (Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm (ROCA) arm), compared to Standard of Care (SOC) surveillance with CA125 blood tests and pelvic ultrasounds every 6 months.

Methods: Women were recruited 6/13/16-9/11/17 from an integrated health care system in California for this non-randomized prospective cohort study. Women were invited to participate in a novel serum biomarker surveillance strategy using ROCA or they could opt to be in the standard of care control arm with ultrasound and CA 125 every 6 months.

Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Concentrations of Repeatedly Defoliated Red and White Clovers in Central Kentucky.

Nonstructural carbohydrates of pasture plants, comprising water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and starch, may contribute to excessive consumption of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates by grazing horses. Seasonal and diurnal variation in WSCs were studied in red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clovers (Trifolium repens L.

Incidence, deaths, and lifetime costs of injury among American Indians and Alaska Natives.

Background: In the United States, the mortality burden of injury is higher among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) than any other racial/ethnic group, and injury contributes to considerable medical costs, years of potential life lost (YPLL), and productivity loss among AI/AN.This study assessed the economic burden of injuries for AI/AN who are eligible for services through Indian Health Service, analyzing direct medical costs of injury for Indian Health Service's users and years of potential life lost (YPLL) and the value of productivity losses from injury deaths for AI/AN in the Indian Health Service population.

Methods: Injury-related lifetime medical costs were estimated for Indian Health Service users with medically treated injuries using data from the 2011-2015 National Data Warehouse.

Newborn vitamin D levels in relation to autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability: A case-control study in california.

Vitamin D deficiency has been increasing concurrently with prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and emerging evidence suggests vitamin D is involved in brain development. Most prior studies of ASD examined vitamin D levels in children already diagnosed, but a few examined levels during perinatal development, the more likely susceptibility period. Therefore, we examined newborn vitamin D levels in a case-control study conducted among births in 2000-2003 in southern California.

Maternal Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain in Relation to Autism Spectrum Disorder and other Developmental Disorders in Offspring.

Most prior studies examining maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) in relation to offspring autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have reported an association, though findings are not uniform and few have also examined gestational weight gain (GWG). Therefore, we examined both in the Study to Explore Early Development, a multi-site case-control study of children born in 2003-2006. Children identified from clinics, schools, and birth certificates were enrolled at ages 2-5 year and using standardized developmental evaluations, classified as: ASD, other developmental delays (DD), or population-based controls.

Rehabilitation Assessment and Management of Neurosensory Deficits After Traumatic Brain Injury in the Polytrauma Veteran.

Neurosensory deficits after traumatic brain injury can frequently lead to disability; therefore, diagnosis and treatment are important. Posttraumatic headaches typically resemble migraines and are managed similarly, but adjuvant physical therapy may be beneficial. Sleep-related issues are treated pharmacologically based on the specific sleep-related complaint.

Cochlear Implantation in Cases of Unilateral Hearing Loss: Initial Localization Abilities.

Objectives: The present study evaluated early auditory localization abilities of cochlear implant (CI) recipients with normal or near-normal hearing (NH) in the contralateral ear. The goal of the study was to better understand the effect of CI listening experience on localization in this population.

Design: Twenty participants with unilateral hearing loss enrolled in a prospective clinical trial assessing outcomes of cochlear implantation (ClinicalTrials.

Comparison of two cochlear implant coding strategies on speech perception.

Objective: Assess whether differences in speech perception are observed after exclusive listening experience with high-definition continuous interleaved sampling (HDCIS) versus fine structure processing (FSP) coding strategies.

Methods: Subjects were randomly assigned at initial activation of the external speech processor to receive the HDCIS or FSP coding strategy. Frequency filter assignments were consistent across subjects.

The Compound Action Potential in Subjects Receiving a Cochlear Implant.

Hypothesis: The compound action potential (CAP) is a purely neural component of the cochlea's response to sound, and may provide information regarding the existing neural substrate in cochlear implant (CI) subjects that can help account for variance in speech perception outcomes.

Background: Measurement of the "total response" (TR), or sum of the magnitudes of spectral components in the ongoing responses to tone bursts across frequencies, has been shown to account for 40 to 50% of variance in speech perception outcomes. The ongoing response is composed of both hair cell and neural components.