Adult Neurogenesis and the Initiation of Social Aggression in Male Mice.

The hippocampus is important for social behavior and exhibits unusual structural plasticity in the form of continued production of new granule neurons throughout adulthood, but it is unclear how adult neurogenesis contributes to social interactions. In the present study, we suppressed neurogenesis using a pharmacogenetic mouse model and examined social investigation and aggression in adult male mice to investigate the role of hippocampal adult-born neurons in the expression of aggressive behavior. In simultaneous choice tests with stimulus mice placed in corrals, mice with complete suppression of adult neurogenesis in adulthood (TK mice) exhibited normal social investigation behaviors, indicating that new neurons are not required for social interest, social memory, or detection of and response to social olfactory signals.

Synaptic Vesicle Precursors and Lysosomes Are Transported by Different Mechanisms in the Axon of Mammalian Neurons.

BORC is a multisubunit complex previously shown to promote coupling of mammalian lysosomes and C. elegans synaptic vesicle (SV) precursors (SVPs) to kinesins for anterograde transport of these organelles along microtubule tracks. We attempted to meld these observations into a unified model for axonal transport in mammalian neurons by testing two alternative hypotheses: (1) that SV and lysosomal proteins are co-transported within a single type of "lysosome-related vesicle" and (2) that SVPs and lysosomes are distinct organelles, but both depend on BORC for axonal transport.

A role for hippocampal adult neurogenesis in shifting attention toward novel stimuli.

New granule neurons are born in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus throughout life. Behavioral effects of slowing or stopping this ongoing neurogenesis are generally observed only in complex cognitive tasks involving high levels of cue or memory interference or in tests of emotion presented after stress exposure. Here, we tested the role of new neurons in naïve rats in a simple, one-trial orienting task previously shown to be affected by hippocampal lesions.

Altered distribution of ATG9A and accumulation of axonal aggregates in neurons from a mouse model of AP-4 deficiency syndrome.

The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive lower limb spasticity. Mutations in subunits of the heterotetrameric (ε-β4-μ4-σ4) adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) complex cause an autosomal recessive form of complicated HSP referred to as "AP-4 deficiency syndrome". In addition to lower limb spasticity, this syndrome features intellectual disability, microcephaly, seizures, thin corpus callosum and upper limb spasticity.

The Impact of Age and Cognitive Reserve on Resting-State Brain Connectivity.

Cognitive reserve (CR) is a protective mechanism that supports sustained cognitive function following damage to the physical brain associated with age, injury, or disease. The goal of the research was to identify relationships between age, CR, and brain connectivity. A sample of 90 cognitively normal adults, ages 45-64 years, had their resting-state brain activity recorded with electroencephalography (EEG) and completed a series of memory and executive function assessments.

Neutral [2]rotaxane host systems that recognise halide anions in aqueous solvent mixtures.

Four pyridine N-oxide axle containing [2]rotaxanes have been synthesised via an anion templated threading-followed-by-stoppering strategy and shown to be the first examples of neutral interlocked host systems capable of recognising halide anions in aqueous solvent mixtures.

PAN-1, a P-granule component important for C. elegans fertility, has dual roles in the germline and soma.

In Caenorhabditis elegans, P granules are germline-specific, RNA-containing granules that segregate into the germline precursor cell during early embryogenesis. In this short report, PAN-1, which previously has been found by others in screens for genes causing larval molting defects, is identified here as a novel P-granule component and a binding partner of GLH-1 (Germline RNA Helicase-1), a constitutive, germline-specific, P-granule protein. The PAN-1 predicted protein contains multiple leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and regions with similarities to F-box proteins.

Exploiting the 1,2,3-triazolium motif in anion-templated formation of a bromide-selective rotaxane host assembly.

Bromide is best: The first [2]rotaxane incorporating the triazolium anion-binding motif is prepared using bromide anion templation. Preliminary anion-binding investigations reveal that the rotaxane exhibits the rare selectivity preference for bromide over chloride ions.

Acute ligation of the radial and ulnar arteries: A case report and review of literature.

Isolated injury to the radial or ulnar artery results in no significant complications in patients who undergo repair or ligation of the injured artery. However, ligation of both infrabrachial vessels of the upper extremity is associated with limb loss from ischemia due to lack of collateral circulation. A rare case of acute ligation of both the radial and ulnar arteries in a drug abuser where collateral vessels preserved the circulation to the hand is reported.

Acute median nerve compression neuropathy from a foreign body in the forearm.

Acute compression of the median nerve in the forearm usually occurs from compartment syndrome. A case of acute compression neuropathy of the median nerve from a foreign body, where there was no evidence of compartment syndrome, is reported. The diagnosis was made from the patient's symptoms and radiographs.

Development of social responses in two severely retarded children.

The effect of reinforcement dependent on the social responses of two severely retarded withdrawn children was investigated. During 30 training sessions (30 min each) food and praise were administered dependent upon the children's mutual participation in a ball-rolling and block-passing task. Both children showed a progressive increase in social interaction in a non-training situation during this reinforcement period.