Correction to "Evaluating categories from experience: The simple averaging heuristic" by Woiczyk and Le Mens (2021).

Reports an error in "Evaluating categories from experience: The simple averaging heuristic" by Thomas K. A. Woiczyk and Gaël Le Mens (, 2021[Oct], Vol 121[4], 747-773).

Frequent winners explain apparent skewness preferences in experience-based decisions.

Do people's attitudes toward the (a)symmetry of an outcome distribution affect their choices? Financial investors seek return distributions with frequent small returns but few large ones, consistent with leading models of choice in economics and finance that assume right-skewed preferences. In contrast, many experiments in which decision-makers learn about choice options through experience find the opposite choice tendency, in favor of left-skewed options. To reconcile these seemingly contradicting findings, the present work investigates the effect of skewness on choices in experience-based decisions.

Uncovering the semantics of concepts using GPT-4.

The ability of recent Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 to generate human-like texts suggests that social scientists could use these LLMs to construct measures of semantic similarity that match human judgment. In this article, we provide an empirical test of this intuition.

Social media feedback and extreme opinion expression.

On popular social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or Tiktok, the quantitative feedback received by content producers is asymmetric: counts of positive reactions such as 'likes,' or 'retweets,' are easily observed but similar counts of negative reactions are not directly available. We study how this design feature of social media platforms affects the expression of extreme opinions. Using simulations of a learning model, we compare two feedback environments that differ in terms of the availability of negative reaction counts.

Evaluating categories from experience: The simple averaging heuristic.

We analyze how people form evaluative judgments about categories based on their experiences with category members. Prior research suggests that such evaluative judgments depend on some experience average but is unclear about the specific kind of average. We hypothesized that evaluations of categories could be driven either by the simple average of experiences with the category or by the member average (the average of the evaluations of the category members, where the evaluation of a category member is the average of experiences with this particular member).

An information sampling explanation for the in-group heterogeneity effect.

People often perceive their in-groups as more heterogeneous than their out-groups. We propose an information sampling explanation for this in-group heterogeneity effect. We note that people frequently obtain larger samples of information about in-groups than about out-groups.

Information Sampling, Judgment, and the Environment: Application to the Effect of Popularity on Evaluations.

If people avoid alternatives they dislike, a negative evaluative bias emerges because errors of under-evaluation are unlikely to be corrected. Prior work that analyzed this mechanism has shown that when the social environment exposes people to avoided alternatives (i.e.

How Endogenous Crowd Formation Undermines the Wisdom of the Crowd in Online Ratings.

People frequently consult average ratings on online recommendation platforms before making consumption decisions. Research on the wisdom-of-the-crowd phenomenon suggests that average ratings provide unbiased quality estimates. Yet we argue that the process by which average ratings are updated creates a systematic bias.

Feature inference with uncertain categorization: Re-assessing Anderson's rational model.

A key function of categories is to help predictions about unobserved features of objects. At the same time, humans are often in situations where the categories of the objects they perceive are uncertain. In an influential paper, Anderson (Psychological Review, 98(3), 409-429, 1991) proposed a rational model for feature inferences with uncertain categorization.

The Evaluative Advantage of Novel Alternatives: An Information-Sampling Account.

New products, services, and ideas are often evaluated more favorably than similar but older ones. Although several explanations of this phenomenon have been proposed, we identify an overlooked asymmetry in information about new and old items that emerges when people seek positive experiences and learn about the qualities of (noisy) alternatives by experiencing them. The reason for the asymmetry is that people avoid rechoosing alternatives that previously led to poor outcomes; hence, additional feedback on their qualities is precluded.

Comprehensive RF safety concept for parallel transmission MR.

Purpose: The goal of this study is to increase patient safety in parallel transmission (pTx) MRI systems. A major concern in these systems is radiofrequency-induced tissue heating, which can be avoided by specific absorption rate (SAR) prediction and SAR monitoring before and during the scan.

Methods: In this novel comprehensive safety concept, the SAR is predicted prior to the scan based on precalculated fields obtained from electromagnetic simulations on different body models.

A new framework for interleaved scanning in cardiovascular MR: Application to image-based respiratory motion correction in coronary MR angiography.

Purpose: To describe a new framework for interleaving scans and demonstrate its usefulness for image-based respiratory motion correction in whole heart coronary MR angiography (CMRA).

Methods: Scan interleaving using the proposed approach was achieved by switching between separately defined, independent scans at arbitrary time points during their execution, using a generic function call. The scan interleaving framework was used to perform scan interleaving for image-based respiratory navigation of CMRA with spiral, radial, and Cartesian echo-planar imaging (EPI) navigator k-space trajectories.

Keeping conceptual boundaries distinct between decision making and learning is necessary to understand social influence.

Bentley et al. make the deliberate choice to blur the distinction between learning and decision making. This obscures the social influence mechanisms that operate in the various empirical settings that their map aims to categorize.

A specific absorption rate prediction concept for parallel transmission MR.

The specific absorption rate (SAR) is a limiting factor in high-field MR. SAR estimation is typically performed by numerical simulations using generic human body models. However, SAR concepts for single-channel radiofrequency transmission cannot be directly applied to multichannel systems.

Rational learning and information sampling: on the "naivety" assumption in sampling explanations of judgment biases.

Recent research has argued that several well-known judgment biases may be due to biases in the available information sample rather than to biased information processing. Most of these sample-based explanations assume that decision makers are "naive": They are not aware of the biases in the available information sample and do not correct for them. Here, we show that this "naivety" assumption is not necessary.

Seeking positive experiences can produce illusory correlations.

Individuals tend to select again alternatives about which they have positive impressions and to avoid alternatives about which they have negative impressions. Here we show how this sequential sampling feature of the information acquisition process leads to the emergence of an illusory correlation between estimates of the attributes of multi-attribute alternatives. The sign of the illusory correlation depends on how the decision maker combines estimates in making her sampling decisions.

In-vivo assessment of tissue metabolite levels using 1H MRS and the Electric REference To access In vivo Concentrations (ERETIC) method.

Quantitative values of metabolite concentrations in (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been obtained using the Electric REference To access In vivo Concentrations (ERETIC) method, whereby a synthetic reference signal is injected during the acquisition of spectra. The method has been improved to enable quantification of metabolite concentrations in vivo. Optical signal transmission was used to eliminate random fluctuations in ERETIC signal coupling to the receiver coil due to changes in position of cables and highly dielectric human tissue.

How adoption speed affects the abandonment of cultural tastes.

Products, styles, and social movements often catch on and become popular, but little is known about why such identity-relevant cultural tastes and practices die out. We demonstrate that the velocity of adoption may affect abandonment: Analysis of over 100 years of data on first-name adoption in both France and the United States illustrates that cultural tastes that have been adopted quickly die faster (i.e.

Interdependent sampling and social influence.

Most explanations of social influence focus on why individuals might want to agree with the opinions or attitudes of others. The authors propose a different explanation that assumes the attitudes of others influence only the activities and objects individuals are exposed to. For example, individuals are likely to be exposed to activities that their friends enjoy.

Interactive reduced FOV imaging for projection reconstruction and spiral acquisition.

MR fluoroscopy is likely to gain increasing importance for the visualization of dynamic processes such as cardiac function and for the guidance of interventional procedures. In many applications the dynamic processes are restricted to a part of the object under study making reduced field of view (rFOV) imaging desirable. The restriction to a smaller FOV can either be used to increase the spatial or the temporal resolution.