Synthesis of Substituted of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-]pyrimidines through (3 + 2+1) Cyclization of 2-Aminobenzimidazole, Acetophenone, and ,-Dimethylformamide as One-Carbon Synthon.

An efficient method for the construction of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-]pyrimidines using ,-dimethylformamide as a one-carbon source and 2-aminobenzimidazoles and acetophenone as substrates through a one-pot, three-component cascade reaction is described. Spectra investigations indicated the fluorescent properties of selected products, exhibiting quantum yields 0.07-0.

One-pot Synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted-4(3)-quinazolinone from o-aminobenzoic Acid and DMF Derivatives using Imidazole Hydrochloride as a Promoter.

As a novel and environmentally friendly Brönsted acid, imidazole hydrochloride was used to promote the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted-4(3H)-quinazolinone from o-aminobenzoic acid and DMF derivatives. The essence of this reaction is a multicomponent reaction, which constructs multiple chemical bonds between different components through the transamidation of imidazole hydrochloride. This protocol showed a wide range of functional group tolerance, and a series of quinazolinones were synthesized in low to moderate yields without metal catalysts, oxidants or other additives.

Ectopic expression of neuronal adenosine kinase, a biomarker in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy without hippocampal sclerosis.

Aims: Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy without hippocampal sclerosis (no-HS MTLE) refers to those MTLE patients who have neither magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions nor definite pathological evidence of hippocampal sclerosis. They usually have resistance to antiepileptic drugs, difficulties in precise seizure location and poor surgical outcomes. Adenosine is a neuroprotective neuromodulator that acts as a seizure terminator in the brain.

Aberrant adenosine signaling in patients with focal cortical dysplasia.

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), a common malformation of cortical development, is frequently associated with pharmacoresistant epilepsy in both children and adults. Adenosine is an inhibitory modulator of brain activity and a prospective anti-seizure agent with potential for clinical translation. Our previous results demonstrated that the major adenosine-metabolizing enzyme adenosine kinase (ADK) was upregulated in balloon cells (BCs) within FCD type IIB lesions, suggesting that dysfunction of the adenosine system is implicated in the pathophysiology of FCD.

Vagus nerve stimulation for pharmacoresistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia: A single-center retrospective study.

Objective: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive treatment for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Encephalomalacia is one of the most common MRI findings in the preoperative evaluation of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. This is the first study that aimed to determine the effectiveness of VNS for pharmacoresistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia and evaluate the potential predictors of VNS effectiveness.

Effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation therapy in refractory hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy-induced epilepsy.

Background: Epilepsy is one of the important long-term sequelae of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and is typically characterized by drug resistance and poor surgical outcomes. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a promising neuromodulation therapy for refractory epilepsy.

Objectives: The present study aimed to first evaluate the effectiveness of VNS in patients with refractory HIE-induced epilepsy and scrutinize potential clinical predictors.

Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory posttraumatic epilepsy: Efficacy and predictors of seizure outcome.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been recognized as an important and common cause of epilepsy since antiquity. Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is usually associated with drug resistance and poor surgical outcomes, thereby increasing the burden of the illness on patients and their families. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive treatment for medically refractory epilepsy.

Epilepsy and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): The Underlying Mechanisms and Therapy Targets Related to Adenosine.

Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are highly mutually comorbid, suggesting potential overlaps in genetic etiology, pathophysiology, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Adenosine, an endogenous anticonvulsant and neuroprotective neuromodulator of the brain, has been proved to affect the process of epilepsy and ASD. On the one hand, adenosine plays a crucial role in preventing the progression and development of epilepsy through adenosine receptordependent and -independent ways.

Association of β-cell function and cognitive impairment in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism.

Background: Insulin has been demonstrated to play an important role in the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease, especially in those with diabetes. β cells are important insulin-producing cells in human pancreas. This study aimed to investigate the association between β-cell dysfunction and cognitive impairment among patients over 40-year-old with abnormal glucose metabolism in Chinese rural communities.

Association between hemoglobin A and asymptomatic carotid intima-media thickness in middle-aged and elderly populations without diabetes.

Background And Aims: Carotid atherosclerosis, including carotid artery intima-media thickness, plaques, and stenosis, is an important risk factor for stroke. However, the association between hemoglobin A (HbA) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was inconsistent. The aim of this study was to explore the association between HbA and the risk of increased cIMT among the Chinese population aged ≥40 years without diabetes.

Efficacy and potential predictors of vagus nerve stimulation therapy in refractory postencephalitic epilepsy.

Background: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a therapeutic approach for patients with refractory postencephalitic epilepsy (PEE), which is characterized by drug resistance and disappointing surgical outcomes. However, the efficacy of VNS has not yet been studied in patients with refractory PEE. The present study aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of VNS and evaluate potential clinical predictors in patients with refractory PEE.

Adenosine Dysfunction in Epilepsy and Associated Comorbidities.

Epilepsy, a complex neurological syndrome with dominant symptoms and various comorbidities, affects over 70 million people worldwide. Epilepsy-related comorbidities, including cognitive and psychiatric disorders, can impede therapy for epilepsy patients, leading to heavy burdens on patients and society. Adenosine has an anti-epileptic and anticonvulsive function in the brain.

Association Between Asymptomatic Vulnerable Carotid Plaques and Cognitive Impairment in Rural Adults.

The prevalence of cognitive impairment is growing and higher in rural areas. The association between carotid plaque and cognitive impairment remains uncertain, and few studies focused on the cognitive function of the rural population. We designed this study to investigate the association between carotid plaque and cognitive impairment in a rural community.

Association of diabetes status with cognitive impairment in two Chinese rural communities.

Background And Purpose: Diabetes may be one of the risk factors of cognitive impairment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between diabetes status and cognitive impairment among the middle-aged and elderly population (≥40 years) in Chinese rural communities.

Methods: A sample of 3392 participants aged 40 years or older from the China National Stroke Prevention Project (CSPP) between 2015 and 2017 were enrolled in this study.