Optimizing Visualization of Axonal Transport of Endogenous Cargo by Fluorescence Microscopy in Living Caenorhabditis elegans.

Axonal transport is a prerequisite to deliver axonal proteins from their site of synthesis in the neuronal cell body to their destination in the axon. Consequently, loss of axonal transport impairs neuronal growth and function. Studying axonal transport therefore improves our understanding of neuronal cell biology.

Zinc-Responsive Regulator Zur Regulates Zinc Homeostasis, Secondary Metabolism, and Morphological Differentiation in Streptomyces avermitilis.

Zinc is an essential cofactor for many metal enzymes and transcription regulators. Zn availability has long been known to affect antibiotic production and morphological differentiation of species. However, the molecular mechanism whereby zinc regulates these processes remains unclear.

SufR, a [4Fe-4S] Cluster-Containing Transcription Factor, Represses the Operon in Streptomyces avermitilis Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly.

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous and versatile inorganic cofactors that are crucial for many fundamental bioprocesses in nearly all organisms. How cells maintain Fe-S cluster homeostasis is not well understood in Gram-positive bacteria. Genomic analysis showed that the Suf system, which is encoded by the operon, is the sole Fe-S cluster assembly system in the genus is the industrial producer of avermectins, which are widely used as agricultural pesticides and antiparasitic agents.

AccR, a TetR Family Transcriptional Repressor, Coordinates Short-Chain Acyl Coenzyme A Homeostasis in .

Malonyl coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) and methylmalonyl-CoA are the most common extender units for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and polyketides in , an industrially important producer of polyketides. Carboxylation of acetyl- and propionyl-CoAs is an essential source of malonyl- and methylmalonyl-CoAs; therefore, acyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCases) play key roles in primary and secondary metabolism. The regulation of the expression of ACCases in spp.

AveI, an AtrA homolog of Streptomyces avermitilis, controls avermectin and oligomycin production, melanogenesis, and morphological differentiation.

Streptomyces avermitilis is well known as the producer of anthelmintic agent avermectins, which are widely used in agriculture, veterinary medicine, and human medicine. aveI encodes a TetR-family regulator, which is the homolog of AtrA. It was reported that deletion of aveI caused enhanced avermectin production.

IdeR, a DtxR Family Iron Response Regulator, Controls Iron Homeostasis, Morphological Differentiation, Secondary Metabolism, and the Oxidative Stress Response in Streptomyces avermitilis.

Iron, an essential element for microorganisms, functions as a vital cofactor in a wide variety of key metabolic processes. On the other hand, excess iron may have toxic effects on bacteria by catalyzing the formation of reactive oxygen species through the Fenton reaction. The prevention of iron toxicity requires the precise control of intracellular iron levels in bacteria.

Organic Peroxide-Sensing Repressor OhrR Regulates Organic Hydroperoxide Stress Resistance and Avermectin Production in .

The bacterium is an industrial-scale producer of avermectins, which are important anthelmintic agents widely used in agriculture, veterinary medicine, and human medicine. During the avermectin fermentation process, is exposed to organic peroxides generated by aerobic respiration. We investigated the role of MarR-family transcriptional regulator OhrR in oxidative stress response and avermectin production in .

Redox-sensing regulator Rex regulates aerobic metabolism, morphological differentiation, and avermectin production in Streptomyces avermitilis.

The regulatory role of redox-sensing regulator Rex was investigated in Streptomyces avermitilis. Eleven genes/operons were demonstrated to be directly regulated by Rex; these genes/operons are involved in aerobic metabolism, morphological differentiation, and secondary metabolism. Rex represses transcription of target genes/operons by binding to Rex operator (ROP) sequences in the promoter regions.