Muribaculum intestinale-derived 3-hydroxybutyric acid from Heterophyllin B attenuated pulmonary fibrosis through IDO1-mediated ferroptosis.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a fatal disease with increasing incidence, poor prognosis, and unclear pathogenesis. Our previous research demonstrated the beneficial effects of the natural cyclopeptide Heterophyllin B (HB) in PF. However, the precise mechanism by which HB exerts its effects in PF remains unclear.