Non-invasive neurostimulation to improve sleep quality and depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Non-invasive neurostimulation, including bright light therapy (BLT), repetitive transcranial magnetic (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), has been shown to alleviate depressive symptoms in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the efficacy of these interventions in addressing sleep disturbances in MDD patients remains a subject of debate.

Objective: We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effectiveness of non-invasive neurostimulation in improving sleep disturbances and depressive symptoms in MDD patients.