Nrf-2 as a novel target in radiation induced lung injury.

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a common and fatal complication of chest radiotherapy. The underlying mechanisms include radiation-induced oxidative stress caused by damage to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in apoptosis of lung and endothelial cells and recruitment of inflammatory cells and myofibroblasts expressing NADPH oxidase to the site of injury, which in turn contribute to oxidative stress and cytokine production. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) is a vital transcription factor that regulates oxidative stress and inhibits inflammation.

ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): biology, diagnostics, therapeutics and resistance.

ROS1 is a proto-oncogene encoding a receptor tyrosine protein kinase (RTK), homologous to the v - Ros sequence of University of Manchester tumours virus 2 (UR2) sarcoma virus, whose ligands are still being investigated. ROS1 fusion genes have been identified in various types of tumours. As an oncoprotein, it promotes cell proliferation, activation and cell cycle progression by activating downstream signalling pathways, accelerating the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Role of in -positive non-small cell lung cancer.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors have been shown to be effective in treating patients with -positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and crizotinib, ceritinib and alectinib have been approved as clinical first-line therapeutic agents. The availability of these inhibitors has also largely changed the treatment strategy for advanced -positive NSCLC. However, patients still inevitably develop resistance to inhibitors, leading to tumor recurrence or metastasis.