Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into dopaminergic neuron-like cells using small molecules and protein factors.

Background: Generation of neurons is essential in cell replacement therapy for neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. Several studies have reported the generation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons from mouse and human fibroblasts by ectopic expression of transcription factors, in which genetic manipulation is associated with potential risks.

Methods: The small molecules and protein factors were selected based on their function to directly induce human fetal lung IMR-90 fibroblasts into DA neuron-like cells.

Efficient and rapid conversion of human astrocytes and ALS mouse model spinal cord astrocytes into motor neuron-like cells by defined small molecules.

Background: Motor neuron degeneration or loss in the spinal cord is the characteristic phenotype of motor neuron diseases or spinal cord injuries. Being proliferative and located near neurons, astrocytes are considered ideal cell sources for regenerating neurons.

Methods: We selected and tested different combinations of the small molecules for inducing the conversion of human and mouse astrocytes into neurons.

Attenuation of systemic morphine-induced analgesia by central administration of ghrelin and related peptides in mice.

Ghrelin, an acylated 28-amino peptide secreted in the gastric endocrine cells, has been demonstrated to stimulate the release of growth hormone, increase food intake, and inhibit pro-inflammatory cascade, etc. Ghrelin mainly combines with its receptor (GHS-R1α) to play the role in physiological and pathological functions. It has been reported that ghrelin plays important roles in the control of pain through interaction with the opioid system in inflammatory pain and acute pain.

[The effects of strict dietary salt restriction on blood pressure and proteinuria in chronic glomerulonephritis patients.].

Objective: To evaluate the effects of strict dietary salt restriction on blood pressure and proteinuria in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) patients.

Methods: From October 2007 to April 2009, 32 CGN inpatients were enrolled. Among them, 15 patients followed a strict dietary salt restriction menu (sodium 100 mmol/d, potassium 50 mmol/d, protein (0.