Oolong tea made from tea plants from different locations in Yunnan and Fujian, China showed similar aroma but different taste characteristics.

Consistent aroma characteristics are important for tea products. However, understanding the formation of tea aroma flavor and correspondingly proposing applicable protocols to control tea quality and consistency remain major challenges. Oolong tea is one of the most popular teas with a distinct flavor.

Comparative analysis of volatiles difference of Yunnan sun-dried Pu-erh green tea from different tea mountains: Jingmai and Wuliang mountain by chemical fingerprint similarity combined with principal component analysis and cluster analysis.

Background: Modern instrumental analysis technology can provide various chemical data and information on tea samples. Unfortunately, it remains difficult to extract the useful information. We describe the use of chemical fingerprint similarities, combined with principal component and cluster analyses, to distinguish and recognize Pu-erh green teas, which from two tea mountains, Wuliang and Jingmai, in the Pu-erh district of Yunnan province.

Study of aroma formation and transformation during the manufacturing process of Biluochun green tea in Yunnan Province by HS-SPME and GC-MS.

Background: Biluochun is a typical non-fermented tea and is also famous for its unique aroma in China. Few studies have been performed to evaluate the effect of the manufacturing process on the formation and content of its aroma.

Results: The volatile components were extracted at different manufacturing process steps of Biluochun green tea using fully automated headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and further characterised by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

The study of fingerprint characteristics of Dayi Pu-Erh tea using a fully automatic HS-SPME/GC-MS and combined chemometrics method.

The quality of tea is presently evaluated by the sensory assessment of professional tea tasters, however, this approach is both inconsistent and inaccurate. A more standardized and efficient method is urgently needed to objectively evaluate tea quality. In this study, the chemical fingerprint of 7 different Dayi Pu-erh tea brands and 3 different Ya'an tea brands on the market were analyzed using fully automatic headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Comparative analysis of Pu-erh and Fuzhuan teas by fully automatic headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric methods.

Thirteen Pu-erh teas and 13 Fuzhuan teas obtained from two different production areas in China were profiled using fully automatic headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with chemometric methods. A total of 93 aroma components were identified in 26 dark teas; among them, methoxyphenolic compounds (31.77%) were the most abundant components in Pu-erh teas, whereas ketone compounds were the most abundant components (25.

[Separation strategy of affinity chromatography for mixed antibodies].

A mammary gland bioreactor can efficiently express human recombinant monoclonal antibody. However, the target products are similar to the bovine antibody in the raw emulsion material in properties and structures. Thus it is difficult to achieve effective separation of the target products.

Different expression profiles of bioactive peptides in Pelophylax nigromaculatus from distinct regions.

Amphibian skin is an abundant repository of bioactive peptides, important components of the defensive system. The variability of the bioactive peptide repertoires of individual species remains unclear. In this study, dark-spotted frogs were collected from Kunming in Yunnan Province, China and Guiyang in Guizhou Province, China to determine whether the bioactive peptides in amphibian skin differ between the two regions.

[Screening and breeding high 1,3-propanediol producing strains by genome shuffling].

Objective: To improve the tolerance of main metabolites, we used genome shuffling to achieve high 1,3-propanediol producing mutants.

Methods: Based on 96 deep-well palates containing prepared ended fed-batch broth as an efficient selection method, genome shuffling has been applied in strain improvement.

Results: Five high producers were obtained after genome shuffling (LSG1, LSG2, LSG4, LSG5 and LSG6).

An anticoagulant serine protease from the wasp venom of Vespa magnifica.

Wasp is an important venomous animal that can induce human fatalities. Coagulopathy is a clinical symptom after massive wasp stings, but the reason leading to the envenomation manifestation is still not known. In this paper, a toxin protein is purified and characterized by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, CM-Sephadex C-25 cationic exchange and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) from the venom of the wasp, Vespa magnifica (Smith).

Significance of the extra C-terminal tail of CaLP, a novel calmodulin-like protein involved in oyster calcium metabolism.

Oyster (Pinctada fucata) calmodulin-like protein (CaLP), containing a C-terminally extra hydrophilic tail (150D-161K), is a novel protein involved in the regulation of oyster calcium metabolism. To investigate the importance of the extra fragment to the Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-dependent conformational changes in the intact CaLP molecule and the interactions between CaLP and its target proteins, a truncated CaLP mutant (M-CaLP) devoid of the extended C-terminus was constructed and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The conformational characteristics of M-CaLP were studied by CD and fluorescence spectroscopy and compared with those of the oyster CaM and CaLP.

A weak neurotoxin exhibits synergic effect with cardiotoxins when co-applied to two non-neural cell lines.

A basic peptide with mass weight of 7.597 kDa was isolated and purified from the Naja atra venom by using the combination of ion exchange chromatography and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. N-terminal protein sequence determination revealed that this peptide was a weak neurotoxin.

Molecular cloning and expression of a pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) homologue of mammalian putative tumor suppressor QM.

The QM gene was originally identified as a putative tumor suppressor gene from a Wilms' tumor cell line by subtractive hybridization assay. Later studies showed that the QM protein is multifunctional, involved in cell growth and differentiation, energy metabolism, respiration, and cytoskeletal function. In this report a full-length complementary DNA encoding a QM counterpart in pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) was isolated.

A novel matrix protein participating in the nacre framework formation of pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata.

Understanding the molecular composition is of great interest for both nacre formation mechanism and biomineralization in mollusk shell. A cDNA clone encoding an MSI31 relative, termed MSI7 because of its estimated molecular mass of 7.3 kDa, was isolated from the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata.

A novel ferritin subunit involved in shell formation from the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata).

Iron is one of the most important minor elements in the shell of bivalves. This study was designed to investigate the involvement of ferritin, the principal protein for iron storage, in shell formation. A novel ferritin cDNA from the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) was isolated and characterized.

Comparative study of three short-chain neurotoxins from the venom of Naja kaouthia (Yunnan, China).

Three short-chain neurotoxins named NT-1, NT-II, and NT-III were purified from the venom of Naja kaouthia, a snake distributed throughout the south of Yunnan province, China, by a series of chromatographic steps, including an FPLC Resource S column. Their molecular weights, determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS, were 6952.19 Da, 6854.

A Novel Myotoxin from the Venom of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus.

A novel myotoxin, designated TMPB, was purified from the venom of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus by Sephadex G-100 superfine gel chromatography and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). The N-terminal sequence of 24 amino acid residues was determined by protein sequencer. The sequence similarities between TMPB and other two phospholipase A(2) (PLA2s) previously purified from the same venom were 41.

A novel short neurotoxin, cobrotoxin c, from monocellate cobra (Naja kaouthia) venom: isolation and purification, primary and secondary structure determination, and tertiary structure modeling.

A novel short neurotoxin, cobrotoxin c (CBT C) was isolated from the venom of monocellate cobra (Naja kaouthia) using a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and FPLC. Its primary structure was determined by Edman degradation. CBT C is composed of 61 amino acid residues.

Structure-function relationship of three neurotoxins from the venom of Naja kaouthia: a comparison between the NMR-derived structure of NT2 with its homologues, NT1 and NT3.

Three homologous short-chain neurotoxins, named NT1, NT2 and NT3, were purified from the venom of Naja kaouthia. NT1 has an identical amino acid sequence to cobrotoxin from Naja naja atra [Biochemistry 32 (1993) 2131]. NT3 shares the same sequence with cobrotoxin b [J.