Metabolomics reveals early pregnancy biomarkers in sows: a non-invasive diagnostic approach.

In an effort to enhance reproductive management and reduce non-productive periods in swine breeding, this study presents a novel, non-invasive metabolomics approach for the identification of early pregnancy biomarkers in sows. Utilizing an untargeted metabolomics approach with mass spectrometry analysis, we examined saliva samples from pregnant ( = 6) and non-pregnant control sows ( = 6, artificially inseminated with non-viable sperm). Our analysis revealed 286 differentially expressed metabolites, with 152 being up-regulated and 134 down-regulated in the pregnant group.