Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Neuropathic Pain in End-Stage Renal Disease.

Background: Chronic noncancer pain is pervasive throughout the general patient population, transcending all chronic disease states. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) present a complicated population for which medication management requires careful consideration of the pathogenesis of ESRD and intimate knowledge of pharmacology. The origin of pain must also guide treatment options.

A Practical Guide to Urine Drug Monitoring.

Urine drug monitoring is an important tool for substance misuse or abuse and adherence to a prescribed regimen.