[Lipid metabolism in Aspergillus niger under conditions of heat shock].

The processes of lipid synthesis and decomposition in Aspergillus niger under conditions of heat shock (HS) were studied in a pulse-chase experiment with 14C-labeled sodium acetate. HS (60 min) resulted in the synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids intensified compared tothe.control, as was evident from incorporation of the labeled substrate.

[Biochemical aspects of basidiospore maturation in Agaricus bisporus at various temperatures].

Phosphatidylethanolamine is the main phospholipid of Agaricus bisporus basidiospores obtained under sterile conditions from young basidiomes with closed partial veils. Storing the basidiospores for five months at room temperature resulted in a complete loss of their germinating capacity. Conversely, storing them at a low temperature increased their germination rate by 15-20%.

[The correlation between the synthesis of beta-carotene and zygote formation by Blakeslea trispora heterothallic strains].

It was demonstrated for the first time that the level of carotenogenesis by the heterothallic Blakeslea trispora strains intensively forming zygospores decreased under conditions of a surface cocultivation during their sexual interaction as compared with the strains grown separately. On the contrary, carotenogenesis was stimulated during a sexual interaction of the strains incapable of forming zygotes. In a submerged culture, the zygote-forming pairs of strains synthesized a considerably larger amount of trisporic acids but a smaller amount of carotenoids than the strains not forming zygospores.

[Fungal lycopene: the biotechnology of its production and prospects for its application in medicine].

This article deals with the lycopene of mycelial fungi. It pays special attention to its physical and chemical properties, occurrence in nature, biological functions, and the biotechnology of lycopene production. Data are presented concerning the medically important properties of lycopene and the drug Mycolycopene prepared on its basis.

[Developmental change of the composition and content of the chitin-glucan complex in the fungus Aspergillus niger].

The change of the content and composition of the chitin-glucan complex (CGC) of the ascomycete Aspergillus niger during its development has been studied. In submerged mycelium, the complex is dominated by glucan, whereas chitin is predominant in sporophores and spores. The highest CGC content has been noted in sporophores in the terminal phase and in submerged mycelium in the idiophase; i.

[Biochemical mechanisms of temperature adaptation in the (+) and (-) strains of Blakeslea trispora].

Evidence obtained with industrial beta-carotene-superproducing (+)T and (-)T strains, which fail to form zygotes, suggests that the lipids in the mycelium of the (-) strain of Blakeslea trispora lack linolenic acid. This circumstance apparently accounts for the fact that the (+) and (-) strains of B. trispora use different adaptive mechanisms to cope with an increase or decrease in cultivation temperature.

[Lipid composition of cells of heterothallic strains in the developmental cycle of Blakeslea trispora].

Lipid compositions in mycelium and spores of Blakeslea trispora heterothallic strains were studied. Distinctions between the strains in the ability to synthesize linolenic acid and in optimal growth temperature were demonstrated. The (-) strain grew at a higher temperature and was unable to synthesize linolenic acid, whereas the (+) strain accumulated this acid up to 20% of total fatty acids.

[Adaptation of Flammulina velutipes to hypothermia in natural environment: the role of lipids and carbohydrates].

The role of lipids and carbohydrates in the adaptation of Flammulina velutipes to hyperthermia (5 to -5 degrees C) in natural environments has been studied for the first time. The main changes are were found to occur in membrane lipids: the levels of sterols and glycolipids decreased, and the proportion of phospholipids with a high degree of nonsaturation (2.2) increased, which was due to predominance of two fatty acids, linoleic (35% of the total) and linolenic (50%).

[Effect of carbohydrate composition of the cytosol of Aspergillus niger conidia on their viability during storage].

It is shown that the rate of sporogenesis, the appearance of low-molecular-weight thiols, and the activation of carbohydrate synthesis in spores adversely affected the viability of Aspergillus niger conidia during storage. Conversely, the prevalence of trehalose over mannitol and the absence of glycerol, erythritol, and glucose in carbohydrate composition facilitated viability of conidia. The data obtained are discussed in regard to the biochemical criteria that may be used to characterize quiescent state of fungi and retaining the viability of the inoculum.

[Germination of basidiospores of Agaricus bisporus].

The type of dormancy and conditions necessary for germination of Agaricus bisporus basidiospores (BS) were studied. BS failed to germinate on starvation agar and required the presence of carbon and nitrogen (asparagine and/or glucose) sources in the medium. Upon 3-week storage, BS germinated after 4-5 days.

[Zygote formation in Blakeslea trispora: morphological peculiarities and relationship with carotenoid synthesis].

Changes associated with zygospore formation in the mucorous fungus Blakeslea trispora were studied. Zygospores are dormant cells with thickened cell walls and large central lipid vacuoles containing large amounts of lycopene. We established for the first time that B.

[Dormant cells in the developmental cycle of Blakeslea trispora: distinct patterns of the lipid and carbohydrate composition].

We revealed differences in the lipid and carbohydrate composition between cells of mucorous fungi during endogenous and exogenous dormancy. Endogenous dormancy (zygospores) is characterized by high contents of phosphatidylcholine (about 70% of total phospholipids) and triacylglycerol (over 90% of total neutral lipids). By contrast, exogenous dormancy (sporangiospores) is accompanied by elevated amounts of sterols, sterol esters, and free fatty acids, which account for over 70% of total neutral lipids.

[Changes in lipid composition and carbohydrate composition of Aspergillus niger conidia during germination].

Data on the lipid composition and carbohydrate composition of Aspergillus niger conidia make it possible to characterize the individual germination stages and differentiate between the conidia capable of germination and those that lost the germination capacity. The following criteria are proposed: the ratio of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, the ratio of mannitol and arabitol, and the levels of sterols and free fatty acids. The role of these compounds in the biochemical background of cell transition from dormancy to active metabolism and their use as indices of the quality of inocula in biotechnological processes are discussed.

[Characteristics of exogenous dormancy of Aspergillus niger conidia].

Aspergillus niger conidia are characterized by exogenous dormancy: the first stage of their germination is accomplished in twice distilled water. However, germ tube formation requires the availability of carbon and nitrogen sources. Exogenous dormancy in A.

[About different mechanisms of the biochemical adaptation of mycelial fungi to temperature stress: changes in lipids composition].

A comparative study was conducted concerning the effect of temperature stress on the lipid composition of representatives of the subkingdoms Eomycota and Neomycota. Changes in the composition of lipid acyl chains (such as saturation and desaturation, isomerization, and changes in the length of fatty acid carbon chains), in the phospholipid composition, and in the contents of sterols and other neutral lipids were revealed. Hyperthermia resulted in (i) an increase in the phosphatidylcholine level; (ii) a decrease in the phosphatidylethanolamine level; (iii) a rise in the content of reserve lipids (triacylglycerols); and (iv) a decline in the free fatty acid level in the neutral lipids.

[About different mechanisms of the biochemical adaptation of mycelial fungi to temperature stress: changes in cytosol carbohydrate composition].

The effect of temperature stress on the cytosol carbohydrate composition of fungi belonging to various systematic groups was investigated. In Mucorales representatives (subkingdom Eomycota, phylum Archemycota, class Zygomycetes), adaptation to hypo- and hyperthermia occurs via the regulation of trehalose synthesis, although inositol is also involved in these processes in Blakeslea trispora. Basidiomycota (subkingdom Neomycota) use two pathways of biochemical adaptation, depending on the cytosol carbohydrate composition.

[The use of micromycetes for cleaning parts of aircraft].

The mycelial Fungi Penicillium funiculosum, P. citrinum, P. expansum, P.

[Changes in the carbohydrate composition of cytosol from fungal spores in connection with environmental temperature and during storage].

Differences in the carbohydrate composition were revealed among spores of fungi belonging to Zygomycetes, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Oomycota, part of the novel kingdom Chromista. It was shown for the first time that Phytophthora infestans contains arabitol in addition to glucose and trehalose. Sucrose was detected in Pleurotus ostreatus basidiospores.

[A new branch of biotechnology--wound-healing substances based on polyaminosaccharides].

This article concerns itself with the recently developed field of biotechnology dealing with the production of polyaminosaccharide-based wound-healing preparations. A method of obtaining the wound-healing preparation Mycoran with antiburn properties is presented. Based on the histologic findings provided by medical and biological tests of the preparation and the data available in the literature on the role of polysaccharides as signal molecules and glycoconjugates, the possible mechanism of stimulating fibroblast proliferation by fungal chitin and chitosan during the wound-healing process is discussed.