Meta-transcriptomic analysis reveals the geographical expansion of known sugarbeet-infecting viruses and the occurrence of a novel virus in sugarbeet in the United States.

In this study, meta-transcriptome sequencing was conducted on a total of 18 sugarbeet ( L. subsp) sample libraries to profile the virome of field-grown sugarbeet to identify the occurrence and distribution of known and potentially new viruses from five different states in the United States. Sugarbeet roots with symptoms resembling rhizomania caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), or leaves exhibiting leaf-curling, yellowing to browning, or green mosaic were collected from the sugarbeet growing areas of California, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, and North Dakota.

-Mediated Demethylation Inhibitor Resistance Is Modulated by Codon Bias.

Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, is the most destructive foliar disease of sugarbeet worldwide. Resistance to the sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide tetraconazole has been previously correlated with synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations in . Here, we extend these analyses to the DMI fungicides prothioconazole, difenoconazole, and mefentrifluconazole in addition to tetraconazole to confirm whether the synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations at amino acid positions 144 and 170 are associated with resistance to these fungicides.

Beet Soil-Borne Virus Is a Helper Virus for the Novel Beta vulgaris Satellite Virus 1A.

Sugar beet () is grown in temperate regions around the world as a source of sucrose used for natural sweetening. Sugar beet is susceptible to a number of viral diseases, but identification of the causal agent(s) under field conditions is often difficult due to mixtures of viruses that may be responsible for disease symptoms. In this study, the application of RNAseq to RNA extracted from diseased sugar beet roots obtained from the field and from greenhouse-reared plants grown in soil infested with the virus disease rhizomania (causal agent beet necrotic yellow vein virus; BNYVV) yielded genome-length sequences from BNYVV, as well as beet soil-borne virus (BSBV).

First report of Pepper yellow dwarf strain of Beet curly top virus and Spinach curly top Arizona virus in red table beet in Idaho, United States.

In the fall 2021, red table beet plants (Beta vulgaris L. cv 'Eagle') exhibiting stunted growth with shorter petioles were observed at an incidence of 10 to 15 percent in a production field in Payette County, Idaho, United States. In addition to stunting, beet leaves displayed yellowing and mild curling and crumpling, and the roots exhibited hairy root symptoms (sFig.

Resistance to QoI and DMI Fungicides Does Not Reduce Virulence of Isolates in North Central United States.

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) is a destructive disease limiting sugar beet production and is managed using resistant cultivars, crop rotation, and timely applications of effective fungicides. Since 2016, its causal agent, , has been reported to be resistant to quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) and to have reduced sensitive to demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) in sugar beet growing areas in North Dakota and Minnesota. Isolates of resistant to QoIs, DMIs, and both QoIs and DMIs were collected from fields in Foxhome, Minnesota, in 2017.

First report of Tomato bushy stunt virus naturally infecting sugar beet in the United States.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important crop grown for its sucrose content used in sugar production around the world. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is an RNA virus that belongs to the Tombusvirus genus of the family Tombusviridae (Hearne et al.

Bacterial endophytes as indicators of susceptibility to Cercospora Leaf Spot (CLS) disease in Beta vulgaris L.

The fungus Cercospora beticola causes Cercospora Leaf Spot (CLS) of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Despite the global importance of this disease, durable resistance to CLS has still not been obtained.

The unsung roles of microbial secondary metabolite effectors in the plant disease cacophony.

Plants counter disease with an array of responses to styme pathogen ingress. In contrast to this cacophony, plant pathogens orchestrate a finely tuned repertoire of virulence mechanisms in their attempt to cause disease. One such example is the production of secondary metabolite effectors (SMEs).

Mechanism of Sugarbeet Seed Germination Enhanced by Hydrogen Peroxide.

Seed germination is a critical first stage of plant development but can be arrested by factors including dormancy and environmental conditions. Strategies to enhance germination are of interest to plant breeders to ensure the ability to utilize the genetic potential residing inside a dormant seed. In this study, seed germination in two sugarbeet ( L.

Characterization of the Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance against DMI Fungicides in Populations from the Czech Republic.

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungal pathogen , is the most important foliar pathogen of sugar beet worldwide. Extensive reliance on fungicides to manage CLS has resulted in the evolution of fungicide resistance in worldwide, including populations in the Czech Republic. One important class of fungicides used to manage CLS is the sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMI).

Seedborne Can Initiate Cercospora Leaf Spot from Sugar Beet () Fruit Tissue.

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) is a globally important disease of sugar beet () caused by the fungus . Long-distance movement of has been indirectly evidenced in recent population genetic studies, suggesting potential dispersal via seed. Commercial sugar beet "seed" consists of the reproductive fruit (true seed surrounded by maternal pericarp tissue) coated in artificial pellet material.

Fungal social influencers: secondary metabolites as a platform for shaping the plant-associated community.

Fungal secondary metabolites (FSMs) are capable of manipulating plant community dynamics by inhibiting or facilitating the establishment of co-habitating organisms. Although production of FSMs is not crucial for survival of the producer, their absence can indirectly impair growth and/or niche competition of these fungi on the plant. The presence of FSMs with no obvious consequence on the fitness of the producer leaves questions regarding ecological impact.

Genome-Wide Association and Selective Sweep Studies Reveal the Complex Genetic Architecture of DMI Fungicide Resistance in Cercospora beticola.

The rapid and widespread evolution of fungicide resistance remains a challenge for crop disease management. The demethylation inhibitor (DMI) class of fungicides is a widely used chemistry for managing disease, but there has been a gradual decline in efficacy in many crop pathosystems. Reliance on DMI fungicides has increased resistance in populations of the plant pathogenic fungus Cercospora beticola worldwide.

CRISPR-Based Isothermal Next-Generation Diagnostic Method for Virus Detection in Sugarbeet.

Rhizomania is a disease of sugarbeet caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) that significantly affects sugarbeet yield globally. Accurate and sensitive detection methods for BNYVV in plants and field soil are necessary for growers to make informed decisions on variety selection to manage this disease. A recently developed CRISPR-Cas-based detection method has proven highly sensitive and accurate in human virus diagnostics.

Identification and characterization of Cercospora beticola necrosis-inducing effector CbNip1.

Cercospora beticola is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes cercospora leaf spot disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). After an initial symptomless biotrophic phase of colonization, necrotic lesions appear on host leaves as the fungus switches to a necrotrophic lifestyle. The phytotoxic secondary metabolite cercosporin has been shown to facilitate fungal virulence for several Cercospora spp.

Cercospora beticola: The intoxicating lifestyle of the leaf spot pathogen of sugar beet.

Unlabelled: Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is the most destructive foliar disease of sugar beet worldwide. This review discusses C. beticola genetics, genomics, and biology and summarizes our current understanding of the molecular interactions that occur between C.

Rapid Detection of in Sugar Beet and Mutations Associated with Fungicide Resistance Using LAMP or Probe-Based qPCR.

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungal pathogen , is the most destructive disease of sugar beet worldwide. Although growing CLS-tolerant varieties is helpful, disease management currently requires timely application of fungicides. However, overreliance on fungicides has led to the emergence of fungicide resistance in many populations, resulting in multiple epidemics in recent years.

Prevalence and Distribution of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus Strains in North Dakota and Minnesota.

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is the causal agent of rhizomania, a disease of global importance to the sugar beet industry. The most widely implemented resistance gene to rhizomania to date is , but resistance has been circumvented by resistance-breaking (RB) isolates worldwide. In an effort to gain greater understanding of the distribution of BNYVV and the nature of RB isolates in Minnesota and eastern North Dakota, sugar beet plants were grown in 594 soil samples obtained from production fields and subsequently were analyzed for the presence of BNYVV as well as coding variability in the viral P25 gene, the gene previously implicated in the RB pathotype.

Genetic Diversity and Structure in Regional Populations from subsp. Suggest Two Clusters of Separate Origin.

Cercospora leaf spot, caused by , is a highly destructive disease of subsp. worldwide. populations are usually characterized by high genetic diversity, but little is known of the relationships among populations from different production regions around the world.

Gene cluster conservation identifies melanin and perylenequinone biosynthesis pathways in multiple plant pathogenic fungi.

Perylenequinones are a family of structurally related polyketide fungal toxins with nearly universal toxicity. These photosensitizing compounds absorb light energy which enables them to generate reactive oxygen species that damage host cells. This potent mechanism serves as an effective weapon for plant pathogens in disease or niche establishment.

Gene cluster conservation provides insight into cercosporin biosynthesis and extends production to the genus .

Species in the genus cause economically devastating diseases in sugar beet, maize, rice, soy bean, and other major food crops. Here, we sequenced the genome of the sugar beet pathogen and found it encodes 63 putative secondary metabolite gene clusters, including the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis () cluster. We show that the gene cluster has experienced multiple duplications and horizontal transfers across a spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi, including the wide-host range genus as well as the rice pathogen Although cercosporin biosynthesis has been thought to rely on an eight-gene cluster, our phylogenomic analysis revealed gene collinearity adjacent to the established cluster in all cluster-harboring species.

Microbial small molecules - weapons of plant subversion.

Covering: up to 2018 Plants live in close association with a myriad of microbes that are generally harmless. However, the minority of microbes that are pathogens can severely impact crop quality and yield, thereby endangering food security. By contrast, beneficial microbes provide plants with important services, such as enhanced nutrient uptake and protection against pests and diseases.