HIV and hepatitis C virus risk in new and longer-term injecting drug users in Oslo, Norway.

Research has focused on understanding injecting drug use initiation in the era of HIV/AIDS. However, differences between new and longer-term injecting drug users (IDUs) have not received as much attention. This study examined injecting initiation experience, risk and risk reduction practices, and self-reported HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing practices and infection among new (injecting < or =4 years) and longer-term IDUs.

Gender differences in syringe exchange program use in Oslo, Norway.

Aims: To examine gender differences in syringe exchange program (SEP) use, particularly frequent SEP use, within and across survey years.

Design: Three consecutive, anonymous cross-sectional surveys.

Setting: The SEP in Oslo, Norway.

[The clinical estimate of adiposity is not a good predictor of insulin tissue sensitivity measured with a minimal model analysis].

Fifteen male volunteers, aged 30 to 40 years old, were classified according to body mass index (BMI) as lean (n = 5, BMI less than 20 kg/m2), normal (n = 5, BMI 20-25) or obese (n = 5, BMI over 30). Glucose intolerance was ruled out by a normal oral glucose tolerance test and insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose effectiveness (SG) were estimated by a minimal model analysis of a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test modified by an intravenous insulin injection at minute 20. The MINMOD program was fed with 29 or 12 values (reduced sampling schedule).

[Insulin resistance: a frequent phenomenon in clinical practice].

This review is focused on the diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of insulin resistance relevant to the clinician. The observed phenomenon of the wide variability of insulin sensitivity in clinically healthy subjects is discussed; qualitative and quantitative aspects of the methodologies currently used for the assessment of insulin sensitivity in the clinical setting are dealt with, as well as their applicability to day-to-day clinical care. The medical consequences of hyperinsulinemia, including dyslipidemia, hypertension coronary artery disease and ovarian hyperandrogenism are likewise discussed.

[Diabetic papillopathy. Report of a case].

A 17-year-old patient with long-standing poorly controlled type I diabetes mellitus developed bilateral transient edema of the optic disc with minimal visual impairment. Evaluation with fluoresceins angiography revealed the typical pattern of diabetic papillopathy with disc swelling and peripapillary capillary dilatation. Complete resolution occurred within 6 months, with no specific therapy other than improvement of metabolic control with insulin therapy.

[Insulin sensitivity: absence of sexual differences when expressed as a function of lean body mass].

The hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp technique was used to test the hypothesis that--when expressed per kilogram of lean body mass--there is a sex-difference in peripheral insulin-mediated glucose disposal (M), as proposed in the literature. Lean body mass was assessed with tetrapolar bioelectric impedance analysis. We studied 15 normal subjects (volunteers with normal glucose tolerance and body mass indices between 20-25 kg/m2) of both sexes, 9 women and 6 men, of 2 age-groups, 20-30 year-old and 40-50 year-old.

[Incidence of gestational diabetes in pregnant women at diabetic risk in Santiago, Chile].

A study conducted from 1982 to 1984 in Santiago, Chile, examined the frequency of gestational diabetes in 580 pregnant women at high risk for diabetes and 100 controls receiving prenatal checkups at a primary care center in the western area of the city. The purpose of the study was to establish recommendations for early detection in developing countries. The risk factors for the disease were studied and their frequency and distribution were calculated in 911 pregnant women in the general population of the area.