Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Implantation: Intraoperative, Acute, and Remote Complications.

Implantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and biventricular pacemakers/cardioverter-defibrillators, is becoming increasingly common with new implants now exceeding 1.5 million per year globally. As a result, health care providers in all disciplines are caring for an increasing number of patients with CIEDs.

Transvenous dual site left ventricular pacing to lower elevated pacing thresholds.

Dual site left ventricular pacing through two left ventricular pacing leads, located in discrete vessels, significantly lowered pacing thresholds from 6 V at 1 ms and 4.25 V at 0.5 ms through the leads individually, to 0.