Discrimination Within the US Ophthalmology Workforce.

Importance: Discrimination in the workforce is a barrier to achieving diversity, equity, and inclusion. A previous study of ophthalmologists in Australia and New Zealand reported high rates of discrimination, but little is known about discrimination among ophthalmologists in the US.

Objective: To describe the frequency, nature, and outcomes of discrimination experienced by US ophthalmologists and trainees.

Special Commentary: Cerebral/Cortical Visual Impairment Working Definition: A Report from the National Institutes of Health CVI Workshop.

Cerebral/cortical visual impairment (CVI), a brain-based condition, has emerged as a leading cause of pediatric visual impairment in the United States and other industrialized nations. The National Eye Institute (NEI) recognized CVI as a priority area for research as part of their 2021 NEI Vision for the Future Strategic Plan and partnered with the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to sponsor a CVI Workshop in November 2023. A panel consisting of a group of clinicians with expertise in diagnosing CVI convened to draft a working definition for this condition.

Diagnosis and Care of Children With Cerebral/Cortical Visual Impairment: Clinical Report.

Cerebral/cortical visual impairment (CVI) is a leading cause of pediatric visual impairment in nations with developed economies and is increasing in those with developing economies. Because vision is the predominant sense used for learning, delay in diagnosis of CVI can negatively affect education, making early detection and management important. The American Academy of Pediatrics has published the policy statement "Visual System Assessment in Infants, Children, and Young Adults by Pediatricians" and an accompanying clinical report that are based on identifying potential causes of ocular visual impairment in children.

Gender Disparities in Mentorship and Career Outcomes in Ophthalmology.

Gender disparities in the field of ophthalmology have been increasingly recognized. Although mentorship has been proposed as a contributing factor, there are limited data on the differences in mentorship experiences by gender among ophthalmologists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gender disparities in mentorship experiences among ophthalmologists, and the impact of mentorship disparities on career outcomes.

The relationship of shift work disorder with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.

Shift workers commonly suffer from disturbed sleep, which is known to affect mental health in other populations. Shift work disorder (SWD) is characterized by complaints of insomnia and/or excessive daytime sleepiness temporally associated with working non-standard schedules that occur during the usual time for sleep. Few studies have explored the extent to which workers with vs.

Supracerebellar infratentorial resection of a torcular lesion causing fulminant intracranial hypertension: illustrative case.

Background: Venous sinus stenosis has been implicated in intracranial hypertension and can lead to papilledema and blindness. The authors report the unique case of a cerebellar transtentorial lesion resulting in venous sinus stenosis in the torcula and bilateral transverse sinuses that underwent resection.

Observations: A 5-year-old male presented with subacute vision loss and bilateral papilledema.

Comparison of Eye Tracking and Teller Acuity Cards for Visual Acuity Assessment in Pediatric Cortical/Cerebral Visual Impairment.

Purpose: To compare eye tracking and Teller acuity cards (TAC) for assessment of visual acuity in children with cortical, or cerebral, visual impairment (CVI).

Design: Reliability and validity study.

Methods: We recruited 41 children with CVI from a single academic pediatric neuro-ophthalmology clinic.

A Multifaceted Implementation Strategy to Increase Out-of-Office Blood Pressure Monitoring: The EMBRACE Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Few primary care patients complete guideline-recommended out-of-office blood pressure (BP) monitoring prior to having hypertension diagnosed.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a behavioral theory-informed, multifaceted implementation strategy on out-of-office BP monitoring (ambulatory BP monitoring [ABPM] or home BP monitoring [HBPM]) among patients with new hypertension.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This 2-group, pre-post cluster randomized trial was conducted within a primary care network of 8 practices (4 intervention practices with 99 clinicians; 4 control practices with 55 clinicians) and 1186 patients (857 intervention; 329 control) with at least 1 visit with elevated office BP and no prior hypertension diagnosis between October 2016 and September 2017 (preimplementation period) or between April 2018 and March 2019 (postimplementation period).

Genetic testing for infantile nystagmus syndrome with or without associated findings.

Purpose: To review the published literature assessing the clinical utility of genetic testing in individuals with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS), defined as binocular conjugate nystagmus and onset prior to 6 months of age, with or without associated findings.

Methods: A literature search was last conducted in October 2022. The results were limited to articles published in English.

Levodopa/Carbidopa to Augment the Treatment of Amblyopia: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Purpose: To review the published literature on the use of levodopa/carbidopa to augment the treatment of amblyopia.

Methods: Literature searches for English language studies were last conducted in October 2022 in the PubMed database with no date restrictions. The combined searches yielded 55 articles, of which 23 were reviewed in full text.

The Nictavi Tarsus Patch: A New Device for Achieving Temporary Eyelid Closure in Lagophthalmos.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of the Nictavi Tarsus Patch™ (NTP) in inducing temporary eyelid closure for the management of lagophthalmos in the pediatric and young adult population.

Methods: We prospectively enrolled 20 patients <21 years of age who had previously been managed for lagophthalmos to trial the NTP in clinic. Inter-palpebral fissure distance (IPFD) was compared before and after the placement of the NTP in the eyes-closed position using paired t-tests.

Evaluation of Streamed Hardware-to-Software Telemedicine Strabismus Consultations Utilizing Video Glasses.

Background: While video glasses have been shown to be an effective tool for real-time pediatric strabismus telemedicine consultations, the high cost of the hardware-to-hardware conferencing system and bandwidth limitations may present barriers to accessibility and widespread adoption. This study evaluates the use of video glasses with a more affordable hardware-to-software video conferencing system for real-time strabismus consultations across multiple graders.

Methods: A pediatric ophthalmologist (Grader 1) wearing video glasses simultaneously performed and recorded strabismus examinations in primary gaze, with and without correction, both at distance and near.

Surgical Treatments to Improve Visual Acuity in Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Purpose: To review the literature on the efficacy of surgical procedures to improve visual acuity (VA) in patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS).

Methods: Literature searches were last conducted in January 2022 in the PubMed database for English-language studies with no date restrictions. The combined searches yielded 354 abstracts, of which 46 were reviewed in full text.

Effectiveness of Laser Refractive Surgery to Address Anisometropic Amblyogenic Refractive Error in Children: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Purpose: To review the published literature assessing the safety and effectiveness of laser refractive surgery to treat anisometropic amblyogenic refractive error in children aged ≤ 18 years.

Methods: A literature search of the PubMed database was conducted in October 2021 with no date limitations and restricted to publications in English. The search yielded 137 articles, 69 of which were reviewed in full text.

Maternal Diet Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile.

Scope: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex glycans that are abundant in human milk. The potential impact of a maternal diet on individual HMOs and the association with secretor status is unknown. Thus, this study is aimed to examine the association between maternal diet and HMO profiles.

Neovascularization of the optic disc and peripheral retinal ischemia in a child with a novel variant in (Alström syndrome).

Purpose: The ophthalmologic findings in Alström syndrome include cone-rod dystrophy, optic atrophy, optic disc drusen, and retinal telangiectasias with exudative retinopathy. Here we describe peripheral retinal non-perfusion with neovascularization of the disc (NVD) in a child with Alström syndrome-related cone-rod dystrophy.

Observations: A six-year-old girl with a diagnosis of Alström syndrome based on a homozygous nonsense likely pathogenic variant in (NM_015120.