A Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Neural Cell Transplantation.

The advancement of cell transplantation approaches requires model systems that allow an accurate assessment of transplanted cell functional potency. For the central nervous system, although xenotransplantation remains state-of-the-art, such models are technically challenging, limited in throughput, and expensive. Moreover, the environmental signals present do not perfectly cross-react with human cells.

Pax2 and pax8 regulate branching morphogenesis and nephron differentiation in the developing kidney.

Pax genes are important regulators of kidney development. In the mouse, homozygous Pax2 inactivation results in renal agenesis, a phenotype that has largely precluded the analysis of Pax gene function during metanephric kidney development. To address this later function, kidney development was analyzed in embryos that were compound heterozygous for Pax2 and for Pax8, a closely related member of the Pax gene family.