Age- and sex-related growth patterns of the craniofacial complex in European children aged 3-6 years.

Background: Craniofacial growth changes in young children are not yet completely understood. Up-to-date references for craniofacial measurements are crucial for clinical assessment of orthodontic anomalies, craniofacial abnormalities and subsequent planning of interventions.

Aim: To provide normal reference data and to identify growth patterns for craniofacial dimensions of European boys and girls aged 3-6 years.

Menstrual cycle phase modulates reward sensitivity and performance monitoring in young women: Preliminary fMRI evidence.

The ability to learn from errors or the positive outcomes of one's actions has been connected to a differential functionality of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Variations in dopaminergic transmission and D2-receptor (DRD2) density in the striatum may thereby incline the individual to be either more reward- or punishment-sensitive. The steroid hormones estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PROG) are known to modulate dopaminergic tone.

Recruitment of underage test persons: motivators and barriers in an anthropological EU-survey on a sensitive topic.

Recruiting test persons is crucial in many scientific fields. The recognition of motivators or barriers to survey participation may support the design and recruitment strategy of future studies. The recruitment of under age test persons is very complex and sensitive.