Eggs and a Fiber-Rich Diet Are Beneficially Associated with Lipid Levels in Framingham Offspring Study Adults.

Background: For many years, United States' dietary policy recommended limiting egg intake to no more than 3/wk in the belief that restricting dietary cholesterol would lower plasma cholesterol levels and thereby reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The evidence supporting these recommendations is controversial.

Objectives: To examine the impact of eggs, a major contributor to dietary cholesterol intake, on lipid levels and to determine whether these egg effects are modified by other healthy dietary factors in adults.

Egg Intake Is Associated with Lower Risks of Impaired Fasting Glucose and High Blood Pressure in Framingham Offspring Study Adults.

The association between egg consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors such as high blood pressure (HBP) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) is still under debate. This study examines the association between egg consumption and these outcomes among 2349 30-64 year-old adults in the prospective Framingham Offspring Study. Diet was assessed using three-day dietary records.

Egg Intake Has No Adverse Association With Blood Lipids Or Glucose In Adolescent Girls.

Objective: Longitudinal data on cardiometabolic effects of egg intake during adolescence are lacking. The current analyses aim to evaluate the impact of usual adolescent egg consumption on lipid levels, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance during late adolescence (age 17-20 years).

Methods: Data from 1392 girls, aged 9 to 10 at baseline and followed for 10 years, in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's National Growth and Health Study were used to examine the association between usual egg intake alone and in combination with other healthy lifestyle factors and late adolescent lipid levels, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance, measured as homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

Dietary Cholesterol, Lipid Levels, and Cardiovascular Risk among Adults with Diabetes or Impaired Fasting Glucose in the Framingham Offspring Study.

Previous recommendations to limit dietary cholesterol intake have been eliminated for most adults. Questions remain about whether dietary cholesterol has adverse cardiovascular effects among individuals with impaired fasting glucose or diabetes (IFG/T2DM). We used data for 993 adults (40.

Dietary Cholesterol Intake Is Not Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Framingham Offspring Study.

Identification of diet and lifestyle risk factors for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is of great importance. The specific role of dietary cholesterol (DC) in T2DM risk is unclear. This study uses data from 2192 Framingham Offspring Study subjects to estimate the effects of DC alone and in combination with markers of a healthy diet and other lifestyle factors on fasting glucose and risk of T2DM or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) over 20 years of follow-up.

Practice Patterns in Screening for Metabolic Disease in Women with PCOS of Diverse Race-Ethnic Backgrounds.

Objectives: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at high risk for metabolic disorders, which prompted the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) to publish a 2005 position statement recommending screening for metabolic disease.The purposes of the present study were to 1) to examine changes in screening rates for obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic syndrome (MetS), hyperlipidemia (HL), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hypertension (HTN) in women with PCOS after publication of the 2005 AACE position statement and 2) to determine if screening rates and metabolic disorders vary by race-ethnicity.

Methods: PCOS cases in 2006 (n = 547) and 2011 (n = 1,159) and metabolic disorders were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD9) code.

B lymphocytes in human subcutaneous adipose crown-like structures.

Accumulation of macrophages and T cells within crown-like structures (CLS) in subcutaneous adipose tissue predicts disease severity in obesity-related insulin resistance (OIR). Although rodent data suggest the B cell is an important feature of these lesions, B cells have not been described within the human CLS. In order to identify B cells in the human subcutaneous CLS (sCLS) in obese subjects and determine whether the presence of B cells predict insulin resistance, we examined archived samples of subcutaneous and omental fat from 32 obese men and women and related findings to clinical parameters.

Arteriolar function in visceral adipose tissue is impaired in human obesity.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the relationship between adipose tissue phenotype and depot-specific microvascular function in fat.

Methods And Results: In 30 obese subjects (age 42±11 years, body mass index 46±11 kg/m(2)) undergoing bariatric surgery, we intraoperatively collected visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and characterized depot-specific adipose phenotypes. We assessed vasomotor function of the adipose microvasculature using videomicroscopy of small arterioles (75-250 μm) isolated from different fat compartments.

Reduced adipose tissue inflammation represents an intermediate cardiometabolic phenotype in obesity.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether obese individuals with reduced adipose tissue inflammation exhibit a more favorable cardiovascular risk profile.

Background: Obesity is associated with a low-grade state of chronic inflammation that might be causally related to cardiometabolic disease.

Methods: With immunohistochemistry, we categorized obese individuals dichotomously as having inflamed fat (n = 78) or noninflamed fat (n = 31) on the basis of the presence (+) or absence (-) of macrophage crown-like structures (CLS) in subcutaneous abdominal fat biopsy samples.

Decreased AMP-activated protein kinase activity is associated with increased inflammation in visceral adipose tissue and with whole-body insulin resistance in morbidly obese humans.

Inflammation and infiltration of immune cells in white adipose tissue have been implicated in the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance. Likewise, dysregulation of the fuel-sensing enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed as a pathogenetic factor for these abnormalities based on both its links to insulin action and its anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we examined the relationships between AMPK activity, the expression of multiple inflammatory markers in visceral (mesenteric and omental) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, and whole-body insulin sensitivity in morbidly obese patients (BMI 48±1.

Maladaptive enlargement of the brachial artery in severe obesity is reversed with weight loss.

Maladaptive peripheral arterial remodeling, which leads to large arteries with low shear stress, may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We tested the hypothesis that arterial enlargement in severe obesity represents maladaptive remodeling and that weight reduction would reverse this process. We evaluated brachial arterial diameter and flow using ultrasound in 244 severely obese patients (age 44 +/- 11 years, 80% female, body mass index (BMI) 46 +/- 9 kg/m) at baseline and in a group of 67 subjects who experienced weight loss at 1 year.

Long-term successful weight loss improves vascular endothelial function in severely obese individuals.

Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Although short-term weight loss improves vascular endothelial function, longer term outcomes have not been widely investigated. We examined brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation and metabolic parameters in 29 severely obese subjects who lost > or =10% body weight (age 45 +/- 13 years; BMI 48 +/- 9 kg/m(2)) at baseline and after 12 months of dietary and/or surgical intervention.

Adipose macrophage infiltration is associated with insulin resistance and vascular endothelial dysfunction in obese subjects.

Objective: Experimental studies suggest that adipose inflammation is etiologically linked to obesity-induced systemic disease. Our goal was to characterize the state of inflammation in human fat in relation to vascular function and metabolic parameters in obese individuals.

Methods And Results: We collected subcutaneous abdominal fat in 77 obese subjects (BMI >or=30 kg/m(2)) and quantified adipose macrophage population using targeted immunohistochemistry.