De novo tryptophanase-based indole production by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum.

Indole has an increasing interest in the flavor and fragrance industry. It is used in dairy products, tea drinks, and fine fragrances due to its distinct floral odor typical of jasmine blossoms. The current production of indole based on isolation from coal tar is non-sustainable and its isolation from plants is often unprofitable due to low yields.

l-Serine Biosensor-Controlled Fermentative Production of l-Tryptophan Derivatives by .

l-Tryptophan derivatives, such as hydroxylated or halogenated l-tryptophans, are used in therapeutic peptides and agrochemicals and as precursors of bioactive compounds, such as serotonin. l-Tryptophan biosynthesis depends on another proteinogenic amino acid, l-serine, which is condensed with indole-3-glycerophosphate by tryptophan synthase. This enzyme is composed of the α-subunit TrpA, which catalyzes the retro-aldol cleavage of indole-3-glycerol phosphate, yielding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and indole, and the β-subunit TrpB that catalyzes the β-substitution reaction between indole and l-serine to water and l-tryptophan.

Fermentative Indole Production via Bacterial Tryptophan Synthase Alpha Subunit and Plant Indole-3-Glycerol Phosphate Lyase Enzymes.

Indole is produced in nature by diverse organisms and exhibits a characteristic odor described as animal, fecal, and floral. In addition, it contributes to the flavor in foods, and it is applied in the fragrance and flavor industry. In nature, indole is synthesized either from tryptophan by bacterial tryptophanases (TNAs) or from indole-3-glycerol phosphate (IGP) by plant indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyases (IGLs).

Production of indole by Corynebacterium glutamicum microbial cell factories for flavor and fragrance applications.

Background: The nitrogen containing aromatic compound indole is known for its floral odor typical of jasmine blossoms. Due to its characteristic scent, it is frequently used in dairy products, tea drinks and fine fragrances. The demand for natural indole by the flavor and fragrance industry is high, yet, its abundance in essential oils isolated from plants such as jasmine and narcissus is low.

Sustainable Production of methylphenylalanine by Reductive Methylamination of Phenylpyruvate Using Engineered .

alkylated amino acids occur widely in nature and can also be found in bioactive secondary metabolites such as the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin and the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A. To meet the demand for alkylated amino acids, they are currently produced chemically; however, these approaches often lack enantiopurity, show low product yields and require toxic reagents. Fermentative routes to alkylated amino acids like methyl-l-alanine or methylantranilate, a precursor of acridone alkaloids, have been established using engineered , which has been used for the industrial production of amino acids for decades.

Fermentative -Methylanthranilate Production by Engineered .

The -functionalized amino acid -methylanthranilate is an important precursor for bioactive compounds such as anticancer acridone alkaloids, the antinociceptive alkaloid -isopropyl -methylanthranilate, the flavor compound -methyl--methylanthranilate, and as a building block for peptide-based drugs. Current chemical and biocatalytic synthetic routes to -alkylated amino acids are often unprofitable and restricted to low yields or high costs through cofactor regeneration systems. Amino acid fermentation processes using the Gram-positive bacterium are operated industrially at the million tons per annum scale.

Microbial Engineering for Production of N-Functionalized Amino Acids and Amines.

N-functionalized amines play important roles in nature and occur, for example, in the antibiotic vancomycin, the immunosuppressant cyclosporine, the cytostatic actinomycin, the siderophore aerobactin, the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin, and the polyamine spermidine. In the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries N-functionalized amines are used as building blocks for the preparation of bioactive molecules. Processes based on fermentation and on enzyme catalysis have been developed to provide sustainable manufacturing routes to N-alkylated, N-hydroxylated, N-acylated, or other N-functionalized amines including polyamines.

Fermentative Production of -Alkylated Glycine Derivatives by Recombinant Using a Mutant of Imine Reductase DpkA From .

Sarcosine, an -methylated amino acid, shows potential as antipsychotic, and serves as building block for peptide-based drugs, and acts as detergent when acetylated. -methylated amino acids are mainly produced chemically or by biocatalysis, with either low yields or high costs for co-factor regeneration. , which is used for the industrial production of amino acids for decades, has recently been engineered for production of -methyl-L-alanine and sarcosine.

Xylose as preferred substrate for sarcosine production by recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum.

The aim of this work was to study the fermentative production of the N-methylated amino acid sarcosine by C. glutamicum. Characterization of the imine reductase DpkA from Pseudomonas putida revealed that it catalyses N-methylamination of glyoxylate to sarcosine.

Fermentative Production of -Methylglutamate From Glycerol by Recombinant .

-methylated amino acids are present in diverse biological molecules in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. There is an increasing interest in this molecular class of alkylated amino acids by the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. -alkylated amino acids have desired functions such as higher proteolytic stability, enhanced membrane permeability and longer peptide half-lives, which are important for the peptide-based drugs, the so-called peptidomimetics.

One-step process for production of N-methylated amino acids from sugars and methylamine using recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum as biocatalyst.

N-methylated amino acids are found in Nature in various biological compounds. N-methylation of amino acids has been shown to improve pharmacokinetic properties of peptide drugs due to conformational changes, improved proteolytic stability and/or higher lipophilicity. Due to these characteristics N-methylated amino acids received increasing interest by the pharmaceutical industry.

Biotechnological production of mono- and diamines using bacteria: recent progress, applications, and perspectives.

Common plastics such as polyamides are derived typically from petroleum or natural gas. Fossil-based polyamide production often involves toxic precursors or intermediates. By contrast, bio-based polyamides offer a realistic alternative.