A Hypothesis-Free Approach to Identifying Potential Effects of Relative Age in School Year: an Instrumental Variable Phenome-Wide Association Study in the UK Biobank.

A child's relative age within their school year ('relative age') is associated with educational attainment and mental health. However, hypothesis driven studies often re-examine the same outcomes and exposure, potentially leading to confirmation and reporting biases, and missing unknown effects. Hypothesis-free outcome-wide analyses can potentially overcome these limitations.

Insomnia symptom prevalence in England: a comparison of cross-sectional self-reported data and primary care records in the UK Biobank.

Objectives: We aimed to use a large dataset to compare self-reported and primary care measures of insomnia symptom prevalence in England and establish whether they identify participants with similar characteristics.

Design: Cross-sectional study with linked electronic health records (EHRs).

Setting: Primary care in England.

Somatic development long after the Fontan operation: factors influencing catch-up growth.

Objective: As mortality and morbidity after the Fontan operation has improved, long-term outcome, including developmental aspects, have become more important. To understand the long-term effects of this operation, we followed somatic development for up to 15 years.

Methods: We evaluated 90 patients who underwent the Fontan operation between 1984 and 2004 (mean follow-up, 11.

Clinical outcome of patients 20 years after Fontan operation--effect of fenestration on late morbidity.

Objective: The Fontan operation has been proposed as definitive palliation for an increasing variety of hearts with complex univentricular anatomy, but late morbidity after Fontan operation is still a matter of concern. This retrospective study evaluates the late outcome in patients with Fontan circulation.

Methods: We included 121 consecutive patients that underwent Fontan operation between 1984 and 2004.

Upregulation of vascular ET(B) receptor gene expression after chronic ET(A) receptor blockade in prediabetic NOD mice.

In the aorta of prediabetic non-obese diabetic mice, a model of human type 1 diabetes, we investigated gene expression of the endothelin receptors and contractility to big endothelin-1 and endothelin-1 at the ages of 10 and 16 weeks. A subgroup of 10- week-old animals was treated with the endothelin ETA receptor antagonist LU461314 (30 mg/kg per day for 6 weeks). Blood glucose levels were normal in all animals.

Role of podocytes for reversal of glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria in the aging kidney after endothelin inhibition.

The cause of focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis as a consequence of physiological aging, which is believed to be inexorable, is unknown. This study investigated whether inhibition of endothelin-1, a growth-promoting peptide contributing to renal injury in hypertension and diabetes, affects established glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria in the aged kidney. We also determined the role of endothelin receptors for podocyte injury in vivo and in vitro.

Elevation of interleukin-6 levels in cervical secretions as a predictor of preterm delivery.

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cervical secretions for preterm delivery before 34+0 gestational weeks in patients with preterm labor.

Methods: In this prospective study, 31 patients were enrolled with preterm labor and intact membranes. Cervical swabs were taken on admission and the concentration of IL-6 was measured.