"I have it just like you do": voices of HIV-negative partners in serodifferent relationships receiving primary care at a public clinic in San Francisco.

HIV transmission among serodifferent couples has a significant impact on incidence of HIV worldwide. Antiretroviral interventions (i.e.

Protein import and oxidative folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space of intact mammalian cells.

Oxidation of cysteine residues to disulfides drives import of many proteins into the intermembrane space of mitochondria. Recent studies in yeast unraveled the basic principles of mitochondrial protein oxidation, but the kinetics under physiological conditions is unknown. We developed assays to follow protein oxidation in living mammalian cells, which reveal that import and oxidative folding of proteins are kinetically and functionally coupled and depend on the oxidoreductase Mia40, the sulfhydryl oxidase augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), and the intracellular glutathione pool.

Adaptation of an evidence-based HIV prevention intervention for women with incarcerated partners: expanding to community settings.

High rates of incarceration in urban, low income communities may exacerbate women's risk of HIV infection by decreasing the number of available male sexual partners and disrupting long-term partnerships. The Health Access Program for Prevention, Empowerment, and Networking for Women (HAPPEN) was established to address the HIV prevention needs of women partnered with incarcerated or recently released men in community settings. HAPPEN is an adaptation of the evidence-based HIV prevention intervention Health Options Mean Empowerment (HOME) project.

Glutathione redox potential in the mitochondrial intermembrane space is linked to the cytosol and impacts the Mia40 redox state.

Glutathione is an important mediator and regulator of cellular redox processes. Detailed knowledge of local glutathione redox potential (E(GSH)) dynamics is critical to understand the network of redox processes and their influence on cellular function. Using dynamic oxidant recovery assays together with E(GSH)-specific fluorescent reporters, we investigate the glutathione pools of the cytosol, mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space (IMS).

Mitochondrial disulfide bond formation is driven by intersubunit electron transfer in Erv1 and proofread by glutathione.

The disulfide relay system in the intermembrane space of mitochondria is of crucial importance for mitochondrial biogenesis. Major players in this pathway are the oxidoreductase Mia40 that oxidizes substrates and the sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1 that reoxidizes Mia40. To analyze in detail the mechanism of this oxidative pathway and the interplay of its components, we reconstituted the complete process in vitro using purified cytochrome c, Erv1, Mia40, and Cox19.

Systematic analysis of the twin cx(9)c protein family.

The Mia40-Erv1 disulfide relay system is of high importance for mitochondrial biogenesis. Most so far identified substrates of this machinery contain either two cysteine-x(3)-cysteine (twin Cx(3)C) or two cysteine-x(9)-cysteine (twin Cx(9)C) motifs. While the first group is composed of well-characterized components of the mitochondrial import machinery, the molecular function of twin Cx(9)C proteins still remains unclear.

Biochemical characterization of dithiol glutaredoxin 8 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the catalytic redox mechanism redux.

Two dithiol glutaredoxins (Grxs), Grx1 and Grx2, from yeast have been characterized to date. A third putative dithiol glutaredoxin-encoding gene (GRX8) has been identified in silico. Here we show that deletion of GRX8 does not result in a reduced growth rate under oxidative stress conditions, nor does it enhance the defects of Deltagrx1 and Deltagrx2 single or double mutants.

In vitro import of proteins into isolated mitochondria.

Import of proteins is of vital importance for the biogenesis of mitochondria. The vast majority of mitochondrial proteins is encoded within the nuclear genome and translocated into various mitochondrial compartments after translation in the cytosol as preproteins. Even in rather primitive eukaryotes like yeasts, these are 700 to 1,000 different proteins, whereas only a handful of proteins is encoded in the mitochondrial DNA.

The disulfide relay system of mitochondria is connected to the respiratory chain.

All proteins of the intermembrane space of mitochondria are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized in the cytosol. Many of these proteins lack presequences but are imported into mitochondria in an oxidation-driven process that relies on the activity of Mia40 and Erv1. Both factors form a disulfide relay system in which Mia40 functions as a receptor that transiently interacts with incoming polypeptides via disulfide bonds.

The sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1 is a substrate of the Mia40-dependent protein translocation pathway.

The thiol oxidase Erv1 and the redox-regulated receptor Mia40/Tim40 are components of a disulfide relay system which mediates import of proteins into the intermembrane space (IMS) of mitochondria. Here we report that Erv1 requires Mia40 for its import into mitochondria. After passage across the translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane Erv1 interacts via disulfide bonds with Mia40.

Art therapy as emotional and spiritual medicine for Native Americans living with HIV/AIDS.

This article describes the intricate challenges of bringing mental health services to isolated, guarded urban HIV-positive Native Americans suffering from chronic trauma-related illnesses and imbalances, depression, anxiety, substance abuse, thought disorders and trauma-based characterological disorders. It explores the integration of art therapy, Bowen Family Systems Therapy and in-home therapy in the Family & Child Guidance Clinic's attempt to provide support to a population that has profound distrust for "services and treatment," and no historical context for psychotherapy. Changing the paradigm of thought is essential to providing services that respect culture and history as well as addressing current presenting issues.