Dual Character of Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Halogen Species: Endogenous Sources, Interconversions and Neutralization.

Oxidative stress resulting from accumulation of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and halogen species (ROS, RNS, and RHS, respectively) causes the damage of cells and biomolecules. However, over the long evolutionary time, living organisms have developed the mechanisms for adaptation to oxidative stress conditions including the activity of the antioxidant system (AOS), which maintains low intracellular levels of RONS (ROS and RNS) and RHS. Moreover, living organisms have adapted to use low concentrations of these electrophiles for the regulation of cell functions through the reversible post-translational chemical modifications of redox-sensitive amino acid residues in intracellular effectors of signal transduction pathways (protein kinases and protein phosphatases), transcription factors, etc.

Oxidative Stress and Advanced Lipoxidation and Glycation End Products (ALEs and AGEs) in Aging and Age-Related Diseases.

Oxidative stress is a consequence of the use of oxygen in aerobic respiration by living organisms and is denoted as a persistent condition of an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of the endogenous antioxidant system (AOS) to detoxify them. The oxidative stress theory has been confirmed in many animal studies, which demonstrated that the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and biomolecular stability and integrity is crucial for cellular longevity and successful aging. Mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein homeostasis (proteostasis) network, alteration in the activities of transcription factors such as Nrf2 and NF-B, and disturbances in the protein quality control machinery that includes molecular chaperones, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and autophagy/lysosome pathway have been observed during aging and age-related chronic diseases.

[Application of EEG coherence analysis for evaluation of the brain integrative activity in schizophrenia].

In this review we aim to systematize the evidence on changes in schizophrenic brain functional connectivity assessed with EEG coherence and phase synchrony analyses. Main findings on EEG coherence in schizophrenic patients at rest and during different activation tasks are described. The studies point to specific patterns of cortical connectivity in schizophrenia, specifically, to the disturbance of certain paths of integration related to symptoms and cognitive dysfunction.

[A new antiviral drug Triazavirin: results of phase II clinical trial].

The results of the clinical trial testing the efficacy of a new anti-influenza drug Triazavirin are presented in this work. The data of the trial were gathered during the 2010 influenza season. The treatment with oral Triazavirin significantly reduced the duration of the main clinical symptoms of influenza (intoxication, fever, respiratory symptoms), decreased the incidence of the influenza-related complications and the use of symptomatic drugs.

[Depressive disorders in patients in remission of epilepsy].

Based on the complex study of 150 patients with different forms of epilepsy in the remission phase, we singled out a group of 68 (45.3%) patients with depressive disorders. Variants of depressive disorders and their EEG-characteristics were described.

[Diurnal changes of alpha-rhythm in endogenous depressions].

The aim of the study was to find the diurnal changes in the EEG alpha-activity in patients with endogenous depressions. Both morning and evening EEG records were characterized by the transition of modal value of leading rhythm into the lower frequency band (9-10 Hz versus 10-11 Hz in healthy people). The spectral power of alpha-rhythm was higher, especially in the occipital cortical areas, in the morning hours than in the evening.

Synthesis, composition, and structure of sillenite-type solid solutions in the Bi2O3-SiO2-MnO2 system.

Individual compounds and solid solutions are obtained under hydrothermal conditions in the Bi(2)O(3)-SiO(2)-MnO(2) system in the form of faceted crystals and epitaxial films on the Bi(24)Si(2)O(40) substrate. The crystals have the shape of a cube (for the molar ratio of the starting components Na(2)SiO(3)·9H(2)O:Mn(NO(3))(2)·6H(2)O > 1), a tetrahedron (for Na(2)SiO(3)·9H(2)O:Mn(NO(3))(2)·6H(2)O < 1), or a tetrahedron-cube combination (for Na(2)SiO(3)·9H(2)O:Mn(NO(3))(2)·6H(2)O = 1). Crystal-chemical analysis based on the data of single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectra, and the results of calculation of the local balance by the bond-valence method reveals formation of the Bi(24)(Si(4+),Mn(4+))(2)O(40) phases, which probably include Mn(5+) ions (epitaxial films), as well as the Bi(24)(Si(4+),Bi(3+),Mn(4+))(2)O(40) and Bi(24)(Si(4+),Mn(4+))(2)O(40) phases in the (1 - x)Bi(3+)(24)Si(4+)(2)O(40) - x(Bi(3+)(24)Mn(4+)(2)O(40)) system and the Bi(24)(Bi(3+),Mn(4+))(2)O(40) phase in the (1 - x)Bi(3+)(24)Bi(3+)(2)(O(39)ⁱ(1)) - x(Bi(3+)(24)Mn(4+)(2)O(40)) system.

[Pantogam in the treatment of patients with organic brain lesions of different genesis].

We studied 35 patients with organic brain lesions caused by secondary brain harmful factors (group 1) and 33 patients with organic brain diseases of vascular genesis (group 2). Mean age of patients was 45.5±2.

[Methodological approaches to experimental investigation of drugs for the prophylaxis and treatment of prostate gland disorders].

New methodological approaches to preclinical study of the efficiency of potential prostatotropic drugs are suggested on the basis of original research and published data. An algorithm is proposed to investigate specific activity and safety of potential drugs for the prevention and treatment of prostate disorders.

[Changes of EEG coherence in different stages of the formation of the psychoorganic syndrome].

The group of liquidators of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident (n=170) with nonpsychotic mental disorders of exogenic-organic origin was studied. Patients were stratified into five groups on the basis of dominating symptoms in different stages of disorders: group 1 included patients with the prevalence of asthenic symptoms (n=104); group 2 - with the prevalence of autonomous disorders (n=37); group 3 - with the marked neurotic-like symptom complex (n=10); group 4 - with depressive symptoms (n=10); group 5 - with disturbances of cognitive function. The control group included 150 healthy people.

[Methodological approaches to the experimental investigation of dermotropic drugs].

Methodological approaches to preclinical evaluation of the efficiency of potential dermotropic preparations are proposed on the basis of original investigations and an analysis of published data. At the first stage of the preclinical investigation of preparations for external application, it is necessary to estimate their acute toxicity, allergenic activity, and local irritation effect in addition to studying the specific activity.

[Foreign experience in registering and analyzing the poor outcomes of treatment].

Negative consequences of treatment are observed at least in 16% patients at multidisciplinary hospitals and may result from the causes that are independent of medical staff, but more frequently from errors and inadequate treatment standards due to human factors. Systematic improvement of professionalism, which should be started from some educational reforms at medical institutes, is needed.

[Chemical-toxicological characteristic property of organochlorine pesticide transformation products formed under the effect of intensive fluxes of gamma-irradiation].

The results of formation of stable products of organochlorinated pesticides (OCP) under gamma-irradiation (dose 10 kGy, dose rate 0.026, 0.14 kGy/min) are discussed in the article.

[Stability of model solutions of organochlorine pesticides under the effect of gamma-radiation].

The effect of concentration (0.01; 0.1; 1 ppm), polarity of solvent (hexane and 2-propanol), dose rate of gamma-irradiation (0.

[Comparative analysis of memory pathologies of various genesis: epileptic patients and Chernobyl nuclear plant accident liquidators].

Different types of short-term memory were examined in two groups of people: epileptic patients during remission and participants of cleaning after the incident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The control group matched the experimental groups by sex, age, and education. It was found that memory dysfunctions were similar independently of the kind of pathology.

[Neurophysiological features in epileptic patients with affective disorders].

The paper presents an analysis of autonomic regulation and spectral EEG structure in 70 epileptic patients with affective disorders in period between the fits. It was found that activity of the sympathetic link was elevated, activity of the parasympathetic link was decreased in such patients especially in cases with partial visceral-autonomic fits. EEG mapping revealed elevation of the spectral power of density (SPD) of alpha-diapason with a simultaneous decrease of 8-9 Hz frequency as well as different location of alpha-rhythm's focus in the patients as compared with healthy individuals.

[Hypnotic effect in individuals with varying degree of suggestibility].

The paper presents the results of the investigation concerning time and space organization of brain cortex electric activity and peculiarities of autonomic regulation of cardiac functions in 19 healthy individuals, which had a pronounced intention to counteract of hypnotic influence. Taking into consideration the reactions to hypnosis, these individuals were divided into three groups: predisposed to hypnotic suggestion, sensitive (intermediate group) and resistant to hypnotic suggestion. In predisposed individuals there were more pronounced sympathetic influences on cardiac functions and less spectral power of all EEG rhythms, except beta 2-rhythm.

[Systems analysis of colour music corrective effect].

In the context of P. K. Anokhin's theory of functional systems, the corrective effects of various combinations of medical therapeutical resonance music (MTRM) and dynamic colour exposure were analyzed.