Development and Validation of Diagnostic Models for Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Children.

Objective: To find risk markers and develop new clinical predictive models for the differential diagnosis of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) with varying degrees of disease.

Methods: 19766 children with HFMD and 64 clinical indexes were included in this study. The patients included in this study were divided into the mild patients' group (mild) with 12292 cases, severe patients' group (severe) with 6508 cases, and severe patients with respiratory failure group (severe-RF) with 966 cases.

Rotenone-induced necrosis in insect cells via the cytoplasmic membrane damage and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Rotenone, a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, has been extensively studied on kinds of neuron and neuroblast in Parkinson's disease. However, little is known about the potential mechanism of this promising botanical insecticide upon insect cells. In the article, cell proliferation of two Lepidoptera cell lines, Spodoptera litura SL-1 cells and Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells, were all inhibited by rotenone in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Toxicity assessment of chlorpyrifos-degrading fungal bio-composites and their environmental risks.

Bioremediation techniques coupling with functional microorganisms have emerged as the most promising approaches for in-situ elimination of pesticide residue. However, the environmental safety of bio-products based on microorganisms or engineered enzymes was rarely known. Here, we described the toxicity assessment of two previously fabricated fungal bio-composites which were used for the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos, to clarify their potential risks on the environment and non-target organisms.

Dissipation and metabolism of tebufenozide in cabbage and soil under open field conditions in South China.

The novel nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist tebufenozide is capable of controlling a wide range of lepidopteran pests. However its intensive use in vegetables has raised concerns towards the safety of food and environment. Here, we developed an easy and reliable method to analyze tebufenozide in cabbage and soil by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Identification of multi-insecticide residues using GC-NPD and the degradation kinetics of chlorpyrifos in sweet corn and soils.

Because more than one insecticide is applied to crops to protect plants from pests, an analytical multi-residue determination method was developed using gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). The retention time for 12 insecticides was 3.7-27.

The Effect of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid on the Morphological, Physiological, and Molecular Characteristics of Phellinus noxius.

In this study, the effect of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) on morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of Phellinus noxius has been investigated, and the potential antifungal mechanism of PCA against P. noxius was also explored. The results revealed that PCA showed in vitro antifungal potential against P.

Antifungal Activity of Isoliquiritin and Its Inhibitory Effect against Peronophythora litchi Chen through a Membrane Damage Mechanism.

This study investigated the antifungal activity and potential antifungal mechanism(s) of isoliquiritin against P. litchi Chen, one of the main litchi pathogens. The antifungal activity of isoliquiritin against P.

Molecular Effects of Irradiation (Cobalt-60) on the Control of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The effective dose of irradiation to control pest mites in quarantine has been studied extensively, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of the irradiation on mites are largely unknown. In this study, exposure to 400 Gy of γ rays had significant (p < 0.05) effects on the adult survival, fecundity and egg viability of Panonychus citri.

Cross-resistance and baseline susceptibility of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cyantraniliprole in the south of China.

Background: The oriental leafworm moth, Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a widely distributed polyphagous insect pest in Asia that has been shown to be resistant to various types of insecticide. The newly registered anthranilic diamide cyantraniliprole provided novel insight and great opportunities to control S.

Homologs to Cry toxin receptor genes in a de novo transcriptome and their altered expression in resistant Spodoptera litura larvae.

Insect resistance threatens sustainability of insecticides based on Cry proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Since high levels of resistance to Cry proteins involve alterations in Cry-binding midgut receptors, their identification is needed to develop resistance management strategies. Through Illumina sequencing we generated a transcriptome containing 16,161 annotated unigenes for the Oriental leafworm (Spodoptera litura).

Azadirachtin-induced apoptosis involves lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin L release in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells.

Azadirachtin as a kind of botanical insecticide has been widely used in pest control. We previously reported that azadirachtin could induce apoptosis of Spodoptera litura cultured cell line Sl-1, which involves in the up-regulation of P53 protein. However, the detailed mechanism of azadirachtin-induced apoptosis is not clearly understood in insect cultured cells.

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON APOPTOSIS INDUCTION BY AZADIRACHTIN IN Spodoptera frugiperda CULTURED CELL LINE Sf9.

The induction of apoptosis by azadirachtin, a well-known botanical tetranortriterpenoid isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and other members of the Meliaceae, was investigated in Spodoptera frugiperda cultured cell line (Sf9). Morphological changes in Sf9 cells treated by various concentrations of azadirachtin were observed at different times under light microscopy.

Pathway and kinetics of cyhalothrin biodegradation by Bacillus thuringiensis strain ZS-19.

Cyhalothrin is a common environmental pollutant which poses increased risks to non-target organisms including human beings. This study reported for the first time a newly isolated strain, Bacillus thuringiensis ZS-19 completely degraded cyhalothrin in minimal medium within 72 h. The bacterium transformed cyhalothrin by cleavage of both the ester linkage and diaryl bond to yield six intermediate products.

Ligands binding and molecular simulation: the potential investigation of a biosensor based on an insect odorant binding protein.

Based on mimicking biological olfaction, biosensors have been applied for the detection of various ligands in complex environment, which could represent one of the most promising research fields. In this study, the basic characters of one insect odorant binding protein (OBP) as a biosensor were explored. To explore the molecular recognition process, the tertiary structure of the protein was modeled and the protein-ligand interactions with 1,536,550 chemicals were investigated by the molecular docking.

Isolation of a novel beta-cypermethrin degrading strain Bacillus subtilis BSF01 and its biodegradation pathway.

Continuous use of the pyrethroid insecticide beta-cypermethrin (beta-cp) has resulted in serious environmental contamination problems. We report here that a novel bacterial strain BSF01, which was isolated from activated sludge and identified as Bacillus subtilis (collection number: CCTCC AB 2014103), showed high efficiency in degrading beta-cp. Strain BSF01 was able to utilize beta-cp as the sole carbon source for growth and degraded 89.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a SID-1-like gene in Plutella xylostella.

RNA interference (RNAi) signal can spread from the point where the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was initially applied to other cells or tissues. SID-related genes in Caenorhabditis elegans help in the spreading of this signal. However, the mechanisms of systemic RNAi are still not unveiled in insects.

Separation of cis- and trans-cypermethrin by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

As a pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin (CP) possesses three chiral centers and thus consists of eight optical isomers. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods have been established for the separation and determination of pyrethroid insecticides. In this article, we report a new reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method of separating the diastereomers of CP.

Development of a freeze-dried fungal wettable powder preparation able to biodegrade chlorpyrifos on vegetables.

Continuous use of the pesticide chlorpyrifos has resulted in harmful contaminations in environment and species. Based on a chlorpyrifos-degrading fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides strain Hu-01 (collection number: CCTCC M 20711), a fungal wettable powder preparation was developed aiming to efficiently remove chlorpyrifos residues from vegetables. The formula was determined to be 11.

Bdor\Orco is important for oviposition-deterring behavior induced by both the volatile and non-volatile repellents in Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Several studies have shown that the selections of gravid females to potential oviposition sites from a distance were mediated by volatile signals, however, the means by which the sensory cues from non-volatile chemicals affected the insect behavior were still a controversial subject. Chemosensory in insect is a complex process, which is mediated by multigene families of chemoreceptors, including olfactory receptors, olfactory co-receptors, and odorant-binding proteins. To elucidate the chemoreception mechanism of volatile and non-volatile chemicals, the roles of Orco and OBP in oviposition-deterrent activities induced by citronellal and Rhodojaponin-III were investigated.

Contacting is essential for oviposition deterrence of Rhodojaponin-III in Spodoptera litura.

In Lepidoptera, choosing the right site for egg laying is particularly important, because the small larvae cannot forage for alternate host plants easily. Some secondary compounds of plants have the ability to deter oviposition behaviors of insects. Rhodojaponin-III, a botanical compound, has been reported to have intense deterring-oviposition activity against many insects, which have important implications for agricultural pest management.

Involvement of a specific chemosensory protein from Bactrocera dorsalis in perceiving host plant volatiles.

Insects have evolved many physiological and behavioral adaptations to recognize external complex chemicals. Olfaction plays an important role in perceiving volatile chemicals, utilizing them to locate host sites, conspecifics, and enemies. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are present in high concentrations within the sensory sensilla of insects and are endowed with a heterogeneous range of functions.

Fenpropathrin biodegradation pathway in Bacillus sp. DG-02 and its potential for bioremediation of pyrethroid-contaminated soils.

The widely used insecticide fenpropathrin in agriculture has become a public concern because of its heavy environmental contamination and toxic effects on mammals, yet little is known about the kinetic and metabolic behaviors of this pesticide. This study reports the degradation kinetics and metabolic pathway of fenpropathrin in Bacillus sp. DG-02, previously isolated from the pyrethroid-manufacturing wastewater treatment system.

BdorCSP2 is important for antifeed and oviposition-deterring activities induced by Rhodojaponin-III against Bactrocera dorsalis.

Rhodojaponin-III is a nonvolatile botanical grayanoid diterpene compound, which has antifeedant and oviposition deterrence effects against many kinds of insects. However, the molecular mechanism of the chemoreception process remains unknown. In this study, the important role of BdorCSP2 in the recognition of Rhodojaponin-III was identified.