Synthesis, Surface Activity, and Foamability of Two Short-Chain Fluorinated Sulfonate Surfactants with Ether Bonds.

Fluorinated surfactants are widely used in many fields because of their excellent surface active properties, but their high stability has caused many environmental problems. With the ban and restriction of classical long-chain fluorinated surfactants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) worldwide, the development and replacement of their alternatives is now a major challenge. How to reduce environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and biotoxicity while maintaining high surface activity has become an important issue in the development of fluorinated surfactants.

Confidence Screening Detector: A New Method for Detecting Test Collusion.

Test collusion (TC) is a form of cheating in which, examinees operate in groups to alter normal item responses. TC is becoming increasingly common, especially within high-stakes, large-scale examinations. However, research on TC detection methods remains scarce.

2,2,2-Trifluoroethylation of Styrenes with Concomitant Introduction of a Hydroxyl Group from Molecular Oxygen by Photoredox Catalysis Activated by Visible Light.

The visible-light-induced photoredox difunctionalization reactions of styrenes with 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-iodoethane under an oxygen atmosphere in the presence of water give γ-trifluoromethyl alcohols. In this radical reaction, the oxygen atom in the product originates from molecular oxygen, and water is shown to be important to promote the reaction.