Ex vivo propagation of synaptically-evoked cortical depolarizations in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease at 20 Hz, 40 Hz, or 83 Hz.

Sensory stimulations at 40 Hz gamma (but not any other frequency), have shown promise in reversing Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathologies. What distinguishes 40 Hz? We hypothesized that stimuli at 40 Hz might summate more efficiently (temporal summation) or propagate more efficiently between cortical layers (vertically), or along cortical laminas (horizontally), compared to inputs at 20 or 83 Hz. To investigate these hypotheses, we used brain slices from AD mouse model animals (5xFAD).

Imaging of Evoked Cortical Depolarizations Using Either ASAP2s, or chi-VSFP, or Di-4-Anepps, or Autofluorescence Optical Signals.

Background: Population voltage imaging is used for studying brain physiology and brain circuits. Using a genetically encoded voltage indicator (GEVI), "VSFP" or "ASAP2s", or a voltage-sensitive dye, Di-4-Anepps, we conducted population voltage imaging in brain slices. The resulting optical signals, optical local field potentials (LFPs), were used to evaluate the performances of the 3 voltage indicators.

Myopia among children and adolescents: an epidemiological study in Fuzhou City.

Objective: To provide a reference for the prevention and control of myopia by analyzing and discussing the findings of an epidemiological survey of the prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents in Fuzhou City from 2019 to 2021.

Methods: Participants for this cross-sectional study were drawn from Gulou District and Minqing County in Fuzhou City using cluster random sampling to account for differences in population density, economic development, and other environmental variables.

Results: Myopia was more prevalent in 2020 than in 2019, but by 2021 it had dropped to about the same level as in 2019.

Evoked Cortical Depolarizations Before and After the Amyloid Plaque Accumulation: Voltage Imaging Study.

Background: In Alzheimer's disease (AD), synaptic dysfunction is thought to occur many years before the onset of cognitive decline.

Objective: Detecting synaptic dysfunctions at the earliest stage of AD would be desirable in both clinic and research settings.

Methods: Population voltage imaging allows monitoring of synaptic depolarizations, to which calcium imaging is relatively blind.

Studying Synaptically Evoked Cortical Responses With Combination of a Single Neuron Recording (Whole-Cell) and Population Voltage Imaging (Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicator).

In a typical electrophysiology experiment, synaptic stimulus is delivered in a cortical layer (1-6) and neuronal responses are recorded intracellularly in individual neurons. We recreated this standard electrophysiological paradigm in brain slices of mice expressing genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). This allowed us to monitor membrane voltages in the target pyramidal neurons (whole-cell), and population voltages in the surrounding neuropil (optical imaging), simultaneously.

Population imaging discrepancies between a genetically-encoded calcium indicator (GECI) versus a genetically-encoded voltage indicator (GEVI).

Genetically-encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are essential for studying brain function, while voltage indicators (GEVIs) are slowly permeating neuroscience. Fundamentally, GECI and GEVI measure different things, but both are advertised as reporters of "neuronal activity". We quantified the similarities and differences between calcium and voltage imaging modalities, in the context of population activity (without single-cell resolution) in brain slices.

Testing of Voltage Indicators: Archon1, ArcLightD, ASAP1, ASAP2s, ASAP3b, Bongwoori-Pos6, BeRST1, FlicR1, and Chi-VSFP-Butterfly.

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) could potentially be used for mapping neural circuits at the plane of synaptic potentials and plateau potentials-two blind spots of GCaMP-based imaging. In the last year alone, several laboratories reported significant breakthroughs in the quality of GEVIs and the efficacy of the voltage imaging equipment. One major obstacle of using well performing GEVIs in the pursuit of interesting biological data is the process of transferring GEVIs between laboratories, as their reported qualities (e.

Visual feedback therapy for restoration of upper limb function of stroke patients.

Objective: To investigate the effects of mirror neuron theory-based visual feedback therapy (VFT) on restoration of upper limb function of stroke patients and motor-related cortical function using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Methods: Hemiplegic stroke patients were randomly divided into two groups: a VFT group and a control (CTL) group. Sixteen patients in the VFT group received conventional rehabilitation (CR) and VFT for 8 weeks, while 15 patients in the CTL group received only CR.

Corrigendum: Na/Ca Exchange and Pacemaker Activity of Interstitial Cells of Cajal.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.

Na/Ca Exchange and Pacemaker Activity of Interstitial Cells of Cajal.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are pacemaker cells that generate electrical slow waves in gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscles. Slow waves organize basic motor patterns, such as peristalsis and segmentation in the GI tract. Slow waves depend upon activation of Ca-activated Cl channels (CaCC) encoded by .

Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter (NKCC) maintains the chloride gradient to sustain pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) generate electrical slow waves by coordinated openings of ANO1 channels, a Ca-activated Cl (CaCC) conductance. Efflux of Cl during slow waves must be significant, as there is high current density during slow-wave currents and slow waves are of sufficient magnitude to depolarize the syncytium of smooth muscle cells and PDGFRα cells to which they are electrically coupled. We investigated how the driving force for Cl current is maintained in ICC.

Intracellular Ca(2+) release from endoplasmic reticulum regulates slow wave currents and pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) provide pacemaker activity in gastrointestinal muscles that underlies segmental and peristaltic contractions. ICC generate electrical slow waves that are due to large-amplitude inward currents resulting from anoctamin 1 (ANO1) channels, which are Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels. We investigated the hypothesis that the Ca(2+) responsible for the stochastic activation of ANO1 channels during spontaneous transient inward currents (STICs) and synchronized activation of ANO1 channels during slow wave currents comes from intracellular Ca(2+) stores.

[Relationship between children's motor coordination and their physical growth].

Objective: To explore the relationship between children's motor coordination and their physical growth to provide clues for clarifying the causal relationship between them and to effectively enhance the children's physical growth.

Method: Ten kindergartens were selected randomly from district of Hongkou, Putuo and Pudong in Shanghai, and 1099 children were included in the analysis. The children's motor coordination was assessed using Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ).

Anoctamins and gastrointestinal smooth muscle excitability.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) generate electrical pacemaker activity in gastrointestinal smooth muscles. We investigated whether Tmem16a, which encodes anoctamin 1 (ANO1), a Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel, might be involved in pacemaker activity in ICC. The Tmem16a transcripts and ANO1 were expressed robustly in GI muscles, specifically in ICC in murine, non-human primate (Macaca fascicularis) and human GI tracts.

Muscarinic activation of Ca2+-activated Cl- current in interstitial cells of Cajal.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) provide pacemaker activity and functional bridges between enteric motor nerve terminals and gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells. The ionic conductance(s) in ICC that are activated by excitatory neural inputs are unknown. Transgenic mice (Kit(copGFP/+)) with constitutive expression of a bright green fluorescent protein were used to investigate cellular responses of ICC to cholinergic stimulation.

[Associations of human leukocyte antigen-A, B, DRB1 genes with leukemia patients in Anhui province of China].

This study was aimed to investigate the relation of human leukocyte antigen-A, B, DRB1 genes with the susceptibility of population to leukemia in Anhui province of China. The HLA genotypes were analyzed by PCR-SSP in 140 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), 84 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 90 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and 916 healthy unrelated donors of hematopoietic stem cell as normal control admitted to Anhui provincial hospital. The gene frequencies of HLA-A, B, DRB1 between patients and normal controls were compared, chi² test was used for statistical analysis.

A Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) conductance in interstitial cells of Cajal linked to slow wave currents and pacemaker activity.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are unique cells that generate electrical pacemaker activity in gastrointestinal (GI) muscles. Many previous studies have attempted to characterize the conductances responsible for pacemaker current and slow waves in the GI tract, but the precise mechanism of electrical rhythmicity is still debated. We used a new transgenic mouse with a bright green fluorescent protein (copGFP) constitutively expressed in ICC to facilitate study of these cells in mixed cell dispersions.

Direct activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1) by diacylglycerol (DAG).

The capsaicin receptor, known as transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), is activated by a wide range of noxious stimulants and putative ligands such as capsaicin, heat, pH, anandamide, and phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC). However, the identity of endogenous activators for TRPV1 under physiological condition is still debated. Here, we report that diacylglycerol (DAG) directly activates TRPV1 channel in a membrane-delimited manner in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons.

Developmental characteristics and response to iron toxicity of root border cells in rice seedlings.

To investigate the Fe2+ effects on root tips in rice plant, experiments were carried out using border cells in vitro. The border cells were pre-planted in aeroponic culture and detached from root tips. Most border cells have a long elliptical shape.

Acquisition of in vitro and in vivo functionality of Nurr1-induced dopamine neurons.

Neural precursor cells provide an expandable source of neurons and glia for basic and translational applications. However, little progress has been made in directing naive neural precursors toward specific neuronal fates such as midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. We have recently demonstrated that transgenic expression of the nuclear orphan receptor Nurr1 is sufficient to drive dopaminergic differentiation of forebrain embryonic rat neural precursors in vitro.

Desensitization of canonical transient receptor potential channel 5 by protein kinase C.

The classic type of transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) is a molecular candidate for Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel in mammalian cells. TRPC5 is desensitized rapidly after activation by G protein-coupled receptor. Herein we report our investigation into the desensitization of mTRPC5 and localization of the molecular determinants of this desensitization using mutagenesis.

TRPC5 as a candidate for the nonselective cation channel activated by muscarinic stimulation in murine stomach.

We investigated which transient receptor potential (TRP) channel is responsible for the nonselective cation channel (NSCC) activated by carbachol (CCh) in murine stomach with RT-PCR and the electrophysiological method. All seven types of TRP mRNA were detected in murine stomach with RT-PCR. When each TRP channel was expressed, the current-voltage relationship of mTRP5 was most similar to that recorded in murine gastric myocytes.