Nell-1 Enhances Osteogenic Differentiation of Pre-Osteoblasts on Titanium Surfaces via the MAPK-ERK Signaling Pathway.

Background/aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Nell-1 on the osteogenic behaviors of pre-osteoblasts on titanium (Ti) surfaces and to identify the underlying signaling pathway.

Methods: Nell-1 at different concentrations was added to culture medium to stimulate MC3T3-E1 subclone 14 on Ti surfaces. A CCK-8 colorimetric assay was used to detect cell proliferation.