The Impact of Incentive Spirometry on Shoulder Tip Pain in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Shoulder pain is among the early postlaparoscopic symptoms related to carbon dioxide used for pneumoperitoneum, which remains in the abdominal cavity. Therefore, incentive spirometry (IS) is a novel technique to alleviate this pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The present study was designed to investigate if the use of IS after LC would relieve shoulder tip pain, and determine the amount of postoperative opioid analgesics utilized.