Impact of sonication power on the degradation of paracetamol under single- and dual-frequency ultrasound.

The effects of sonication power on the ultrasonic cavitation and sonochemistry as well as the degradation of paracetamol were studied and compared for single- and dual-frequency sonoreactors. For the single-frequency sonication, a 500 kHz plate transducer was employed, with three different calorimetric powers of 8.4, 16.

A fundamental study on the degradation of paracetamol under single- and dual-frequency ultrasound.

The degradation of paracetamol, a widely found emerging pharmaceutical contaminant, was investigated under a wide range of single-frequency and dual-frequency ultrasonic irradiations. For single-frequency ultrasonic irradiation, plate transducers of 22, 98, 200, 300, 400, 500, 760, 850, 1000, and 2000 kHz were employed and for dual-frequency ultrasonic irradiation, the plate transducers were coupled with a 20 kHz ultrasonic horn in opposing configuration. The sonochemical activity was quantified using two dosimetry methods to measure the yield of HO• and HO separately, as well as sonochemiluminescence measurement.