Evaluation of platelet indices and pro-inflammatory cytokines in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether platelet parameters and pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with platelet activation could be surrogate markers of the diabetic retinopathy stages in type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods: This prospective case-control study included 108 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 48 healthy controls. After fundoscopic examination, patients were divided into three groups: no retinopathy, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, or proliferative retinopathy.

Pulmonary function tests and thyroid hormone concentrations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gases, and thyroid gland functions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Subjects And Methods: Thirty-two patients (mean age 64.1 +/- 7.

Causes of gynaecomastia in young adult males and factors associated with idiopathic gynaecomastia.

Gynaecomastia is a common clinical condition. Persistent pubertal or late onset idiopathic gynaecomastia is the leading cause of gynaecomastia in different series. The aim of this study was the assessment of the prevalence and characteristics of different causes of gynaecomastia in young adult males, and evaluation of the factors associated with idiopathic gynaecomastia.