Temporomandibular joint innervation: Anatomical study and clinical implications.

Background: Temporomandibular disorders and related pain are commonly seen in clinical practice. Due to its recurrent nature, they adversely affect a patient's social life. Current knowledge on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) innervation is debatable and insufficient to ensure optimal treatment for the underlying pathology.

A Novel Injection Technique to the Lateral Pterygoid Muscle for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Cadaveric Study.

Background: Lateral pterygoid muscle activity is associated with the pathological mechanisms of some temporomandibular disorders. The authors aimed to define and demonstrate a novel, practical, and safe technique for botulinum toxin type A injection to the lateral pterygoid muscle based on their findings. Their secondary aims were to standardize the injection pattern according to the variations of the lateral pterygoid muscle and its surrounding anatomical structures, and to establish its advantages over intraoral injection.

Defining a Preauricular Safe Zone: A Cadaveric Study of the Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve.

Background: In the preauricular region, the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve is vulnerable to injury, which can result in facial palsy and poor cosmesis after surgical interventions.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe variations in the branching patterns of the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve and the relation between this branch and the surrounding anatomic landmarks. Based on our findings, we propose a Danger Zone and Safe Zones for preauricular interventions to avoid frontal branch injury.