Expression of mRNAs Encoding Hypothalamic Small Proteins, Neurosecretory Protein GL and Neurosecretory Protein GM, in the Japanese Quail, .

Neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL) and neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM) are novel neuropeptides that have been discovered in the hypothalamic infundibulum of chickens. NPGL and NPGM play important roles in lipid metabolism in juvenile chickens. The physiological functions of NPGL and NPGM in sexually mature birds remain unknown.

Amphibian newts as experimental models for studying weight gain after castration.

Vertebrate animals often exhibit sexual dimorphism in body shape. In mammals, decreases in sex hormones caused by testicular castration can affect body shape and occasionally lead to pathologies such as obesity. Post-castration obesity can also be problematic for the health of companion animals, including non-mammals.

Neurosecretory Protein GM-Expressing Neurons Participate in Lipid Storage and Inflammation in Newly Developed Cre Driver Male Mice.

Obesity induces inflammation in the hypothalamus and adipose tissue, resulting in metabolic disorders. A novel hypothalamic neuropeptide, neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM), was previously identified in the hypothalamus of vertebrates. While NPGM plays an important role in lipid metabolism in chicks, its metabolic regulatory effects in mammals remain unclear.

Neurosecretory Protein GL Promotes Normotopic Fat Accumulation in Male ICR Mice.

Neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL) is a small secretory protein identified in the hypothalamus of birds and mammals. We recently reported that NPGL exerts obesogenic effects in obesity-prone C57BL6/J mice. However, whether NPGL elicits adiposity in different mouse strains is poorly understood.

Effect of Stressors on the mRNA Expressions of Neurosecretory Protein GL and Neurosecretory Protein GM in Chicks.

We recently discovered novel cDNAs encoding the precursors of two small secretory proteins, neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL) and neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM), in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of chickens. In addition, we found colocalization of NPGL, NPGM, and histidine decarboxylase (HDC; histamine-producing enzyme) in same neurons of the medial mammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus. In this study, we elucidated the effect of several stresses, including food deprivation, environmental heat, inflammation, and social isolation, on the mRNA expression of , , and in chicks using real-time PCR.

Neurosecretory Protein GL Accelerates Liver Steatosis in Mice Fed Medium-Fat/Medium-Fructose Diet.

Sugar consumption can readily lead to obesity and metabolic diseases such as liver steatosis. We previously demonstrated that a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide, neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), promotes fat accumulation due to the ingestion of sugar by rats. However, differences in lipogenic efficiency of sugar types by NPGL remain unclear.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Neurotransmitters in Neurosecretory Protein GL-Producing Neurons of the Mouse Hypothalamus.

We recently discovered a novel neuropeptide of 80 amino acid residues: neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), in the hypothalamus of birds and rodents. NPGL is localized in the lateral posterior part of the arcuate nucleus (ArcLP), and it enhances feeding behavior and fat accumulation in mice. Various neurotransmitters, such as catecholamine, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), produced in the hypothalamus are also involved in energy metabolism.

A Novel Hypothalamic Factor, Neurosecretory Protein GM, Causes Fat Deposition in Chicks.

We recently discovered a novel cDNA encoding the precursor of a small secretory protein, neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM), in the mediobasal hypothalamus of chickens. Although our previous study showed that subcutaneous infusion of NPGM for 6 days increased body mass in chicks, the chronic effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.

Overexpression of the Gene Encoding Neurosecretory Protein GL Precursor Prevents Excessive Fat Accumulation in the Adipose Tissue of Mice Fed a Long-Term High-Fat Diet.

We previously identified a novel small hypothalamic protein, neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), which induces feeding behavior and fat accumulation in rodents depending on their diet. In the present study, we explored the effects of NPGL on feeding behavior and energy metabolism in mice placed on a long-term high-fat diet with 60% calories from fat (HFD 60). Overexpression of the NPGL precursor gene () over 18 weeks increased food intake and weight.

Hypothalamic Overexpression of Neurosecretory Protein GL Leads to Obesity in Male C57BL/6J Mice.

Introduction: The mechanisms underlying obesity are not fully understood, necessitating the creation of novel animal models for the investigation of metabolic disorders. We have previously found that neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), a newly identified hypothalamic neuropeptide, is involved in feeding behavior and fat accumulation in rats. However, the impact of NPGL on obesity remains unclear in any animal model.

Subcutaneous infusion of neurosecretory protein GL promotes fat accumulation in mice.

We recently identified a novel small secretory protein, neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), in the vertebrate hypothalamus. We revealed that NPGL is involved in energy homeostasis using intracerebroventricular infusion in rodents. However, the effect of NPGL through peripheral administration remains to be elucidated and may be important for therapeutic use.

Effects of Overexpression of Neurosecretory Protein GL-Precursor Gene on Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice.

A high-fat diet (HFD) quickly induces obesity with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. We previously reported that a novel hypothalamic small protein, named neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), stimulates feeding and fat accumulation in mice. However, the effects of NPGL on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis remain unknown.

Effects of neurosecretory protein GL on food intake and fat accumulation under different dietary nutrient compositions in rats.

We recently identified a novel hypothalamic small protein, named neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), which is involved in energy homeostasis in birds and mammals. However, whether the action of NPGL is influenced by nutritional composition remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of NPGL for 13 days on feeding behavior and body mass gain under a normal chow (NC) diet, high-fat diet, high-sucrose diet (HSD), and medium-fat/medium-sucrose diet (MFSD) in rats.

Effects of Irregular Feeding on the Daily Fluctuations in mRNA Expression of the Neurosecretory Protein GL and Neurosecretory Protein GM Genes in the Mouse Hypothalamus.

Circadian desynchrony induced by a long period of irregular feeding leads to metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. The recently identified neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL) and neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM) are hypothalamic small proteins that stimulate food intake and fat accumulation in several animals. To clarify the mechanisms that evoke feeding behavior and induce energy metabolism at the appropriate times in accordance with a circadian rhythm, diurnal fluctuations in and mRNA expression were investigated in mice.

Effects of Chronic Intracerebroventricular Infusion of RFamide-Related Peptide-3 on Energy Metabolism in Male Mice.

RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), the mammalian ortholog of avian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), plays a crucial role in reproduction. In the present study, we explored the other functions of RFRP-3 by investigating the effects of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of RFRP-3 (6 nmol/day) for 13 days on energy homeostasis in lean male C57BL/6J mice. The infusion of RFRP-3 increased cumulative food intake and body mass.

Neurosecretory protein GL induces fat accumulation in mice.

We recently discovered a novel gene encoding a small secretory protein, neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), which stimulates feeding behavior in mice following acute administration. These findings suggest that dysregulation of NPGL contributes to obesity and metabolic disease. To explore this possibility, we investigated the impact of prolonged exposure to NPGL through 13 days of chronic intracerebroventricular (i.

Neurosecretory Protein GL Induces Fat Accumulation in Chicks.

We recently found a previously unidentified cDNA in chicken hypothalamus which encodes the precursor for neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL). A previous study showed that intracerebroventricular (i.c.

Author Correction: Localization and function of neurosecretory protein GM, a novel small secretory protein, in the chicken hypothalamus.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

Localization and function of neurosecretory protein GM, a novel small secretory protein, in the chicken hypothalamus.

Recently, we discovered a novel cDNA encoding the precursor of a small secretory protein, neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), in the hypothalamic infundibulum of chickens. NPGL plays an important role in the regulation of growth and feeding. A database search indicated that the NPGL gene has a paralogous gene: neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM), also in chickens.

Chronic subcutaneous infusion of neurosecretory protein GM increases body mass gain in chicks.

Recently we discovered a small hypothalamic protein in the chicken, named neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), which is associated with body growth and energy metabolism in birds and rodents. Genome database analysis suggested that the NPGL gene has a paralogous gene in vertebrates, named neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM). However, the biological action of NPGM remains unclear.

Neurosecretory protein GL stimulates food intake, de novo lipogenesis, and onset of obesity.

Mechanisms underlying the central regulation of food intake and fat accumulation are not fully understood. We found that neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), a newly-identified neuropeptide, increased food intake and white adipose tissue (WAT) in rats. NPGL-precursor gene overexpression in the hypothalamus caused increases in food intake, WAT, body mass, and circulating insulin when fed a high calorie diet.

Effects of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of neurosecretory protein GL on body mass and food and water intake in chicks.

Recently, we discovered a novel cDNA encoding the precursor of a small secretory protein, neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), in the chicken mediobasal hypothalamus. In this study, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that NPGL was produced in the infundibular and medial mammillary nuclei of the mediobasal hypothalamus, with immunoreactive fibers also detected in the hypothalamus and the median eminence. As it is known that these regions are involved in feeding behavior in chicks, we surveyed the effects of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of NPGL on feeding behavior and body mass for a period of two weeks.

Neurosecretory Protein GL, a Hypothalamic Small Secretory Protein, Participates in Energy Homeostasis in Male Mice.

We have recently identified from the avian hypothalamus a complementary DNA encoding a small secretory protein termed neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL). In chicks, NPGL increases body weight gain without affecting food intake. A database search reveals that NPGL is conserved throughout vertebrates.

Production and characterization of neurosecretory protein GM using Escherichia coli and Chinese Hamster Ovary cells.

Neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL) and neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM) are paralogs recently discovered in birds and in mammals. The post-translational products of NPGL and of NPGM genes include a signal peptide sequence, a glycine amidation signal, and a dibasic amino acid cleavage site. This suggests that the mature forms of NPGL and of NPGM are small proteins secreted in the hypothalamus and containing an amidated C-terminus.

Microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis of neurosecretory protein GL composed of 80 amino acid residues.

We recently identified a novel cDNA encoding a small secretory protein of 80 amino acid residues, termed neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), from the chicken hypothalamus. Homologs of NPGL have been reported to be present in mammals, such as human and rat. NPGL is amidated at its C-terminus, contains an intramolecular disulfide bond, and is hydrophobic in nature.